Developed countries Essay Example for Free

Created nations Essay One of their inconveniences is the much-touted wonder of globalization. This is truly being full down the third world throat which is as of now over-stifled with Western scum. Everyone realizes that it is a Western ploy for self-advancement, yet the shameless mentality of the West to bundle it as a selective gift for the overflowing a large number of the creating scene is abnormal. Some time ago individuals masked even a gift which in actuality need no camouflage; they have probably some spot of respectability in them. However, presently even a revile is being swaggered as a prudence. However, the realities get out various shots. The entire arrangement is a Western connivance against the creating scene and might demonstrate the last sign of its almost certain demise. Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2004) is of the view that â€Å"While worldwide financial incorporation has become over the previous decades, worldwide imbalance has expanded. In an unmistakable crack with the example over earlier decades, worldwide imbalance has expanded forcefully since the 1980s. † There is currently little uncertainty that globalization of the world is inescapable. In view of the supernatural developments set in by innovation separations are dissolving like anti-inflamatory medicine in a bowl of water, correspondence is getting moment as the squint of natural eye and choices are being taken in split seconds over the globe. When all is said in done term, it is this contracting of existence that can be characterized as globalization. At some point or another, the globe must be a tiny effectively available spot. Increasingly suspect is the scramble with which globalization is being demolished into the third world. It took the Europeans the greater part a century to show up at a sensible accord for making an European Union but they permit just a bunch of countries to go along with it. The financially steady European nations don't permit the desperate nations to go along with them except if and until they upscale their expectations for everyday comforts. This necessity is intended to guarantee that when the hindrances of movement, exchange, capital stream out and other hindrances are lifted, there are no mass disarrays which may undermine set up society and expectations for everyday comforts of the rich countries. On the off chance that they are careful about a created region like Europe, why they are not stressed over what will happen when hindrances are destroyed between peculiar nations like Somalia and focuses of tranquility like Australia? The rich nations are not stressed in light of the fact that their image of globalization is an oppressed world not at all like the European Union. The main boundaries they wish to snap through the World Trade Organization are those which have been raised by the third world for the padding of their industry and exchange from the further developed and created nations. There isn't so much as a little reference to the obstructions raised by rich nations to pre-empt movement. On the opposite rigid laws are being forced to guarantee that the comfortable way of life of their social orders isn't disturbed by workers from the ‘cash-clipped’ nations. The West is clearly particular and its facade of libertarianism is just a distraction to shroud its increasingly vile goals. For instance, it will never cede to the destruction of specific boundaries, â€Å"even however damnation should bar the way†. These are the hindrances for the exchange of innovation, simple access to capital, equivalent chance, organizations and a large group of different obstructions whose maintenance gives the West an edge over the East. It is no denying the way that globalization is exceptionally useful for the created nations. It will diminished the status of poor nations to that of providers of crude materials while the created nations will laugh at them and will utilize this crude material to fill the stomachs of their consistently ravenous enterprises.. The industrialist free brokers are currently not deprived to contend with the socialists thus they have quit indicating an inviting face. Their avarice knows no limits. They searched for nations which had contended energetically to pick up autonomy; next thing they need of them is to surrender that valuable freedom, to get rid of their outskirts, to permit the entrepreneurs free access to do what they like to the economies of these neediness stricken nations. This term is given the name of free rivalry by the business people of the created world. As they combine and get one another, they become colossal goliaths against whom the private companies in poor people and creating nations won't have the option to contend. Presently, what is the importance of rivalry in the event that you can't succeed at all at long last? A couple of these enormous monsters will control the economy of the entire world. Also, it is a miserable thing that they are not above cheating and defilement.

Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligence Essay Numerous years back it was very regular to name somebody with a high IQ as a â€Å"genius† or as being more insightful than others. Albert Einstein is one of those men who were named as a virtuoso in light of all that he had achieved at such a youthful age. Unquestionably, Einstein’s smarts were amazingly momentous, however records show that he was not the best understudy. In spite of the fact that Einstein scored very well in zones like Math and Physics, it has been noticed that in regions like semantics, he didn't exceed expectations (Albert Einstein, 2005). Does this make Einstein, any to a lesser degree a virtuoso? As indicated by Howard Gardner’s hypothesis of various insights, a person’s knowledge isn’t fundamentally estimated in government sanctioned testing or school grades. Gardner recognizes that each person’s learning style is unique, so the insight could exceed expectations in any of the eight styles: Linguistic, Musical, Logical, Naturalistic, Visual, Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal (Kowalski Westen, 2011). This implies somebody like Ludwig van Beethoven who might not have been as insightful as Albert Einstein, can even now be viewed as a virtuoso because of his melodic knowledge. The eight distinct insights depicted by Gardner are what he accepted to be the eight qualities in which an individual can learn. Gardner accepted that since everybody can learn in one of these eight distinct styles, at that point they could exceed expectations in any of the individual fields. An individual who has a phonetic knowledge is portrayed as somebody who uses words and correspondence successfully. An individual with phonetic knowledge would have great sound-related aptitudes, and makes an interpretation of everything into words or discourse. Then again, somebody who has the learning style of spatial knowledge would be generally alright with designs, physical symbolism, and visuals (Campbell, 1992). Notwithstanding, somebody with an inclination to the sensation style of learning would be generally OK with being hands on. They learn by doing, contacting, and anything that includes physical movement, in this way their insight may peer progressively like carrying on, or pretending. Another learning style of various insights portrayed by Gardner is naturalistic. Somebody who has a naturalistic style of learning is more on top of their environmental factors, and center a great deal with what nature is giving them. The naturalistic knowledge was not added to the numerous insights until some other time. Gardner’s hypothesis was acquainted with naturalistic in light of the nature versus sustain banter, in which an individual gains from their environmental factors, or condition in which they are in (Sulaiman, Hassan, Yi, 2011). One of the greater learning styles in Gardner’s hypothesis is that of intrapersonal and relational. Intrapersonal is that wherein an individual gains from themselves. Somebody who minds their own business and doesn't get socially included (Campbell, 1992). On the total di verse range, is the relational learning style. Like an extrovert, relational alludes to somebody who cooperates with other people, appreciates working in groups, main focus, and simply like they look for consideration of others, others look for their consideration also. I for one relate to the relational school of learning the best out of the entirety of the insights in Gardner’s hypothesis. I for the most part function admirably when joined by others. I am a cooperative person, and group pioneer. Others for the most part look to me for exhortation, and I will in general convey my best outcomes, when working with others. This is the insight that is generally credited with the slang term of â€Å"street smarts† (Sulaiman, Hassan, Yi, 2011). Having had sports for a major impact of my life, I will in general convey my musings as a group. I convey the group and make a point to comprehend everybody in the group. I generally consider others first, and having that one on one association is generally critical to me. All thr ough my profession, I have wound up to be in influential positions much of the time, in light of the fact that numerous other people who are not reinforce by the relational knowledge feel as though I can lead better because of the accentuation I put on collaboration, and my sufficient degree of correspondence with the whole group. In the work place I have discovered this very accommodating, and it has helped me gotten extremely fruitful. The two different insights plot in Gardner’s hypothesis are that of melodic and consistent, or numerical. Melodic knowledge is alluded to an individual when they can relate everything to a beat, or grouping. Somebody who has melodic insight is additionally mindful of the sounds and music space in their environmental factors. Somebody with melodic insight would know about dichotic tuning in, and comprehend the significance of clamor (Kowalski Westen, 2011). Music is a major piece of my life, what I do, and how I do it. I can recall growing up and not having the option to rest until music was playing out of sight. I end up being practically adversely affected by very. I will in general accomplish my best work when it is possible that I have music playing out of sight, or if the TV is on. While in school, I generally got myself while contemplating, to be singing. I will in general partner rhyme and musicality to a ton of the new things that I learn. As indicated by Gardner, someb ody who has a melodic knowledge is touchy to sound, and could hear music, or discover the beat to anything, even before the words are verbally expressed (Campbell, 1992). The last knowledge in Gardner’s hypothesis is sensible insight, or most regularly known as scientific knowledge (Sulaiman, Hassan, Yi, 2011). Somebody who possesses the sensible knowledge are said to think uniquely. They generally need to learn and shape ideas before they can manage subtleties. They compute results, appreciate working the psyche in the way that truly utilizes the prefrontal vortex more than some other knowledge. Somebody with consistent reasoning is accepted to be somebody who takes as much time as necessary to break down every single imaginable condition, and work the issue for an answer. This sort of individual preferences riddles and word games to invigorate the mind. I recognize myself similar to a legitimate mastermind because of the way that one of my qualities is to be expository. Albert Einstein was accepted to have a place in this insight field, because of his work in science and material science. I discover my knowledge to not be at the degree of Einstein using any and all means, however I do identify with his prior work being capable in the math field over the etymological (Albert Einstein, 2005 ). Since English isn't my first language, experiencing childhood in the United States, going to class was hard for me, yet numbers turned into my place of refuge. Having learned numbers at an exceptionally youthful age (as indicated by my educators, I realized how to include and take away when I was 3) I get myself most pulled in to callings in which logical reasoning is required. Having filled in as a District Investigator, it was expected of me to take a gander at desk work and recognize the misrepresentation, or distinguish the burglary by finding the examples, or the number succession. A major an aspect of my responsibilities was to break down exchanges, and contrast them with video pictures. Things are in every case better disclosed to me whenever separated into designs. Despite the fact that Gardner isolated the insights into eight separate classes, his hypothesis accepted that an individual doesn't simply command one knowledge, yet rather takes a piece from the entirety of the insights on the whole. Much the same as it could be plainly distinguished that Albert Einstein that ruled the intelligent knowledge, his work shows that he may have had the intrapersonal insight just as the spatial knowledge (Campbell, 1992). Gardner accepted that the insight of somebody couldn't really be estimated, by testing, yet for the most part by lessons, and learning styles. I feel as though I most relate to melodic knowledge, legitimate insight, and relational knowledge. My profession so far would recommend that these fields have brought me much achievement, yet in my ongoing vocation change from Criminal Justice to Psychology, I will in all probability figure out how to space in the phonetic and spatial insight.

PTSD and Fear of Public Speaking

PTSD and Fear of Public Speaking PTSD Coping Print PTSD and Fear of Public Speaking By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Sean Warren/E/Getty Images More in PTSD Coping Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions PTSD and the Military Many people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  have a fear of speaking in public. This is a form of  social anxiety. These fears can have a tremendous impact on a persons level of success at work or at school. Someone with a fear of public speaking may avoid jobs, classes or situations where they have to present in front of other people. But you can overcome these fears, even if you are also dealing with PTSD. People who fear public speaking often beat themselves up over these fears. However, if you fear public speaking, its important to remember that these fears make sense. When youre speaking in front of a crowd, youre vulnerable. This can be very frightening for someone with PTSD. In addition, you may be afraid that people will evaluate you negatively. You may even fear a positive evaluation  because if people think you did a good job, they might expect that youll always perform at that level. You fear that a new standard has been set that will be difficult to keep up. Tips for Public Speaking With PTSD Fortunately, you can learn to overcome your fears. Here are some tips for people dealing with PTSD and  fears  of public speaking. This advice can help you better manage your anxiety over public speaking, as well as improve your confidence when you are speaking in front of others. Recognize and validate your anxiety.  Anxiety is normal when people engage in public speaking. Accepting the anxiety and being willing to experience it will prevent it from growing and potentially interfering with your presentation. “Willing” yourself to relax or trying to push the anxiety down will only distract you and increase your anxious arousal. Remember, no one in the audience knows how youre feeling on the inside.Breathe. Before you begin talking, take some time to focus your attention on your breathing. This can reduce your anxiety and keep you focused before you present.Release muscle tension. Don’t clench your fists or lock your knees. Use hand gestures.  If you notice that youre tensing up, move around. Movement also helps with breathing.Focus on your message, not your body.  When people are speaking in public, they often focus on their internal sensations or whether theyre blushing, shaking, etc. When were speaking in public, small body movements or small changes i n our body are intensified. What might feel like a great amount of trembling or shaking to us is likely unnoticeable or minor to our audience.  The more we focus on these experiences, the stronger they will get and the more our anxiety will interfere with our message.Practice. Obviously, practice is important when giving a speech. However, people often practice in the wrong way. People often practice speeches by going through exactly what they want to say, almost to the point of memorizing the presentation. This is setting you up to fail. During the speech, if you deviate from what you practiced or memorized, you might become derailed, causing your anxiety to spike. Practice going through concepts, not words. Become familiar with the main points you want the audience to take home. These main points can be delivered in a number of different ways.Have water available. This can help with dry mouth, but it also gives you an opportunity to take a breath if you need to during your speech. Avoid caffeine or sugary liquids.Plan breaks in your presentation. Ask if anyone has any questions. Even if no one has any questions, this gives you the opportunity to breathe and collect your thoughts. You can also direct questions to people in the audience as a way of giving yourself a break.Try to avoid using notes. When there is too much on a note card, people often rely too heavily on them and lose their connection with the audience. If you use note cards, just include brief bullet points.Act confident. Speak with conviction and act confident even if you don’t feel that way. Your emotions will eventually catch up with how youre presenting.Maintain sincere eye contact with different members of the audience. If youre in a large room, it can help to break the room up into sections and direct your eyes to these different areas of the room through the presentation.Be flexible with your attention. When giving a presentation, its normal to lock attention on someone who is providing negative facial feedback. Its also normal to interpret this as an indication that were not being successful in delivering our message. In truth, we have no idea as to what that individual is responding to. Have a more expansive awareness of the room. Notice people who are also providing positive facial feedback.Be mindful when you start a presentation. People sometimes become overwhelmed when they start a presentation because they feel as though they have so much to get through. Focus your attention on the present and effectively delivering your message for each part of your presentation.Plan ahead. If there is a possibility that you could be short on time, plan ahead what can be cut out. Also, decide in advance how you can respond to questions that may be asked, especially questions that you dont know how to answer.Be familiar with your location. If youre unfamiliar with where you are giving a presentation, try to arrive early to get a lay of the land. The more familiar you are wi th the location, the less unprepared you will feel.Practice self-care. Eat well that day. Get enough sleep the night before. And, again, limit caffeine. The Importance of Practice Public speaking fears can be difficult to overcome, especially if you have PTSD. Therefore, dont expect these tips to bring about an immediate reduction in your anxiety. They require repeated practice. It may also be useful to start out with short presentations in front of people you feel comfortable with. Try to practice these tips when you feel less anxious. That way, you can become more comfortable with using them. Although you may not get relief immediately, with repeated practice and exposure to public speaking, your fears can be overcome.

Essay On Socrates On Happiness - 1594 Words

The pursuit of happiness is a timeless and ageless endeavor. Since the beginning of time people have searched far and wide for the source of happiness. Even the greatest minds attempt to discover the basis of all human contentment. The father of philosophy, Socrates, was one of those few that might have unearthed the key to human happiness. His understanding shaped the way that the western world sees pleasure, joy, and happiness. His views on how to obtain them are still alive today. Socrates lived in Athens, Greece for the entirety of his life (B.C. 469-399). His main objective in life was to teach people how to think critically about questions concerning truth, justice, and happiness. He believed that an unexamined life is a life not†¦show more content†¦He recommended gaining a rational control over one’s desires, these desires being those that can be harmful to life such as: lust, greed, pride, and power. He argued that the key to human happiness is to turn away f rom the body and towards the soul. He said that harmonizing the different parts of the soul would produce a divine-like state of inner tranquility that the external world could not alter. A moral life is to be preferred to an immoral life. This view of happiness is linked to other concepts such as justice, virtue, and the ultimate meaning of human existence. Living a moral and just life would lead to a happier life. In the Euthydemus (which was written by Plato in B.C. 384), Socrates presents an argument as to what happiness is. Socrates is concerned with establishing two main points: 1) Happiness is what all human beings/rational beings desire. It is always the end (goal) of our activities, it is an unconditional good. 2) Happiness does not solely depend on external things, but rather on how those particular things are used. For example, a wise human being will use their money in a way that will benefit them or make them happy. An ignorant person on the other hand will be wasteful and use their money poorly and thus ending up even worse than before. This example shows us that money, in and of itself, will not make us happy. But rather, money is a conditional good but only when it is in the hands of the wise person. This argument can be used inShow MoreRelatedEssay about Socrates Views on Virtue and Happiness1049 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosopher is Socrates. Born in Athens in 469 B.C.E, he spent most of his time at the marketplace and other public places engaging in dialogues about truths of life. Among many other things, he discussed virtue and happiness and how closely they are related. According to Socrates, virtue is absolutely necessary for perfect happiness because virtue brings a type of happiness that other things could never bring. In this paper, I will explain the aforementioned idea of Socrate s on virtue and happiness and throughRead MoreMy Understanding Of Philosophy And Philosophy1490 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of what philosophy was, and knew little about Aristotle, Socrates, and other well-known philosophers. I also thought that Aesop’s Fables were true and loved to read them as a little girl, even though they did not make complete sense to me at the time. As I worked my way through PHIL 200, I began to broaden my knowledge of this area of life study, and to appreciate the different viewpoints on the presented topics. Throughout this essay, I will explain the difference between my â€Å"basic understanding†Read MoreSocrates s Argument At 30a B Of The Apology1386 Words   |  6 PagesEssay #1 In this paper I will argue that Socrates’s argument at 30a-b of the Apology that the best possible state of the soul is the most important thing in life means to eliminate false beliefs and to have virtue. Specifically, I will show why Socrates wants to eliminate false beliefs and why he insist on having virtue is important in life. Then I will demonstrate why Socrates’ argument is incorrect because he fails to identify the true catalyst that drives his happiness. I conclude Socrates’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s Republic And The Letter Of The City Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesabout justice and if it something that is just in itself. This essay is meant to shine light on three of the key concepts – (1) He has succeeded in Thrasymachus’s challenge, (2) being just provides more happiness than being unjust, and (3) the letter of the city is irrelevant and does not help his case. Thrasymachus’s theory is that there is no benefit to being just and that benefit would only com to the powerful. However, Socrates puts down this theory by proving that it is in every human’s interestRead MoreJustice Is The Best Choice For Its Own Sake1307 Words   |  6 PagesPlato’s Republic, is a classic philosophical novel that covers many points and topics regarding philosophy. One of these main points includes justice. In this essay I will be answering the question of whether justice in soul is choice worthy for its own sake. While this topic is quite complex, I will use a mixture of personal analysis as well as evidence from the book itself to assert that justice in soul is the best choice for its own sake. In the following paragraphs I will discuss what justiceRead MoreSocial And Political Thought1722 Words   |  7 Pagesdevitalize our personal freedom, however, according to Socrates; regulation is necessary in order to experience â€Å"genuine freedo m†. In the Republic, Socrates discusses his tripartite regime in which promotes optimal justice and happiness for its citizens. However, if we fully accept Socrates’ republic, this does not necessarily mean we have to reject democracy entirely. This idea will be furthered explored throughout the entirety of this essay. While Socrates describes democracy as the â€Å"fairest† regime, heRead MoreSocrates, Plato, And Aristotle900 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined. There are many philosophers that have many different views and opinions on philosophy. In this essay, I will be talking about the three great philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and how they help to define what exactly philosophy is. These three Greek philosophers represent the birthplace of Western philosophy and help to shed some light on the actual meaning of the term. Socrates is from about 400 B.C. His final destination was simple. He wanted to assist others so that they couldRead MoreThe Meaning of Life According to Socrates, Epicurus, and Me1794 Words   |  7 PagesLife According to Socrates, Epicurus, and I The Meaning of Life According to Socrates, Epicurus, and I The two philosophers I chose to examine for the purposes of this paper/exercise are Socrates and Epicurus. As stated, these men were exclusively philosophers, while they were also writers and theorists. I chose Socrates because he is a fundamental fixture in Western philosophy. He is respected and read by scholars and professionals all around the world for centuries. Socrates is one of the mostRead MorePlato And St. Augustine1090 Words   |  5 Pagesas a world of forms, ideas or concepts. Plato argued that conduct comes from a reference to this world of forms. By this argument, there is an eternal idea or form of each moral principle, such as justice, piety or truth. This essay will discuss the ethics of Plato, Socrates and St. Augustine According to Plato, evil is simply the result of ignorance. He believed that all people are attempting to do what they understand as good. He believes there are three parts of the soul. There is a rational andRead MoreSpeech Analysis : The Apology 858 Words   |  4 Pagesto the eye, this speech isn’t even an apology, and it’s more of defense speech. Socrates uses the speech to defend his accusations against him. In the story, â€Å"The Apology† Socrates is on trial for accusation like, â€Å"corrupting the youth† and â€Å"impiety.† Through this following essay, According the following: what Socrates means of knowledge or wisdom and why he thought that knowledge/wisdom was the best means of happiness and perfecting the soul, what kind of knowledge is the best, how did he react to

“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T.S. Eliot is a...

â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by T.S. Eliot is a widely studied and analyzed modernist poem. This poem is one that many high school students are subjected to, leading to an overall displeasure for â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.† However, those that revisit the poem are more inclined to enjoy and analyze the poem, finding an interest in the character of J. Alfred Prufrock. Charles C. Walcutt is one of the many individuals fueled to provide a deeper analysis of this text and in his contribution to the November edition of College English, an essay entitled â€Å"Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,† he addresses his impression that the â€Å"Love Song† portion of â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† has been neglected and what†¦show more content†¦He is on the boarders of society and can never quite step inside. He realizes that he is not meant to be popular or the star of the show. Prufrock is content to be of any use, complaisant in his position. He states that he could almost even be considered a Fool. He is caught in a cyclical mental state, always hypersensitive to anything that draws his attention back to his aging body. He can hear the song of the mermaids calling out and knows that it is not him that they seek, for they have no reason to desire him. In the November 1957 edition of College English, a professional journal for college professors, Charles Child Walcutt offered an interesting approach to â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,† published in the section of the journal entitled Round Table, an area for discussion and comment on live topics. In his discussion of the poem, titled â€Å"Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,† Walcutt addresses the neglect of the â€Å"love song† part of the poem title. According to Walcutt, the majority of analyses in regards to the â€Å"love song† portion of â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† focus on Prufrock’s exclusive fixation on himself. Walcutt proposes that Prufrock is, in all actuality, planning to propose marriage to the woman with the shawl that he observes in the ninth stanza. Walcutt suggests that this is the question that Prufrock has been trying to gain the courage to ask, yet shies away from. On the day the reader is witnessing, he says that

Final Business Plan Free Essays

string(109) " Thus giving Swiff Electrons the operation to be very profitable once the right marketing approach is taken\." [pic] University of Technology Jamaica Entrepreneurial Skills Business Plan Business Idea: Spot Charge Group: B. Eng. 2M (ca) Date: April 11, 2007Group members Lecturer: Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Business Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clive GrossettDexroy Jones Dwayne McIntoch Mckay Kirkpatrick Binns Calford Ramsay Keon Hinds (3M art) Executive Summary ________________________________________ †¢ Introduction Swiff Electronics is a start-up cell phone accessory and electronic distribution company. Its strategy is to provide all cell phone users who have continuous dead battery while engaging in an important call or entertaining entertainment selection. It will capitalize on the intricate engineering design and manufactured product that is capable of recharge a cell phone. There are many untapped potential markets within this industry, as the desire for high-quality; stylish goods that are convenient, affordable, and easily sourced are in great demand. It is the firm’s intention to import products from the leaders of electronic, Teqtronics and introduce it to a target population within Jamaica’s Metropolitan or corporate area and to make Swiff Electronic a house hold name customer come to know and trust. To do this the company’s long-term goals are to achieve a 20% market share in the Jamaica’s build brand image and brand equity through marketing, achieve a sustainable 55% profit margin, and eventually produce our very own luxury product in addition to the initial, moderately-priced line. †¢ The company Swiff Electronic is a limited liability corporation in which the sourcing of the product offered â€Å"Spot Charge† is done internationally while the marketing and sales are focused in and around the corporate areas of Kingston Jamaica, for short term purposes. Ownership is divided among five principal individuals who are putting up the initial investment. These include: Dexroy Jone – Managing Director, Keon Hinds – head of Finance and administration, Calford Ramsay Head of Marketing and Human Resources, Dwayne McKay McIntoch Head of Product Development and Kirkpatrick Binns Head of Operations. The First outlet of Swiff Electronics will be located at 13 Duke Street, Down Town Kingston, Jamaica. The present location is approximately 700 square meters and should be large enough for the first three years of the company’s growth. The portable Chargers will be stored at the Duke Street location and will be dispatched to different location based on demand and agreement signed with our feature business partners. †¢ The product The initial product line will depict the full effect of the product that will be offered, inclusive of a range of different colors and possibility the opportunity to personalize. The company plans to release more models, which will be integrated as we aim to give customs a wide selection to choose from. The pricing strategy will be to initially undercut our main competitors by selling at a minimal profit, using a market penetration strategy. Then, pricing will be adjusted to be directly competitive with the other major competitors. The price per Spot Charge is expected to be unbelievably affordable. †¢ The market Entry into the telecommunication/electronics industry comes at a prosperous time. Over the past two years, the purchases of cell phone have increased vastly and the trend is expected to continue once the cell phone manufactures continues to introduce new features to their designs. This will only adversely widen our market as individual continues to seek charge â€Å"Where ever, when ever†. One of the most important recent trends is that cell phone users are willing to spend higher amounts on their phones because of the enhanced image appeal and reliability. Therefore, a company that can build a substantial brand image in this industry gains a significant competitive advantage. It is the aim of Swiff Electronics to capitalize on its high quality and reasonable price while pursuing the innovative styles necessary for brand building. †¢ Financial The company’s start up costs will be $ . Owners equity will be provide $ , $ will consist of short-term borrowing, and the rest will be long-term loans. The majority of the start-up costs will consist of rent, research and development, initial inventory, and a strong cash account. Mission Statement ____________________________________ Swiff Electronics mission is simple and straightforward: †¢ Purpose – Swiff Electronics exists to provide a faster, more reliable source of power for all mobile phone users. Swiff Electronics sells solutions results! †¢ Vision – By providing fast response, informed expertise, and consistently high quality solutions, Swiff Electronics aims to generate enough satisfied repeat customers to provide a stable retainer base. This will generates sufficient profit to provide a comfortable living for the owner. †¢ Mission – The short term objective is to start this company quickly and inexpensively, with minimum debt. The long term objective is to grow the company into a stable and profitable entity that the owner can easily and comfortably manage. Marketing Slogan – â€Å"Spot Charge where ever, when ever! † Keys to Success The keys to success for Swiff Electronics are: †¢ Marketing and Networking (getting the name out there). †¢ Responsiveness (being an on-call supplier paramedic with fast response time). †¢ Quality (getting the job done right the first time, offering 99. 9% or greater guarantee). †¢ Rel ationships (developing loyal repeat customers – retainers). Analysis of the business environment ____________________________________ Jamaica’s telecommunication sector is dominated by three major players, and a number of small entities that presently supply all the electronic accessories that Jamaican’s my need for there cell phone. It has been observed however that none of these companies provide the ease or accessibility of charging your phone â€Å"where you want, when you want†, Thus the reason why Swiff Electronics has been developed. Over the past five years, the rate of failure of industries in Jamaica has remains relatively steady, and the implementation of new businesses and organization has marginally increased. Swiff Electronics will be a new organization that is not yet established and has not yet developed its clientele. However the fact that the market for call phones keeps growing, as manufactures aim to convert a product that was once used only for communication, to a new revolutionized product that consist of attention grabbing entertainment. The need to keep the batteries of these fascinating gadgets charged â€Å"Where ever, when ever† has arisen, Thus giving Swiff Electrons the operation to be very profitable once the right marketing approach is taken. You read "Final Business Plan" in category "Papers" Presently there are trend that are been experienced in the industry which are classified as positive or negative depending on the effects these trend have on particular businesses. These trends include: †¢ Positive *implementation of additional features to the ordinary phones *Reducing the size of the gadgets *Reduction in pricing causing more individuals to be able to afford a phone †¢ Negative *modification of batteries to have longer life *Developing unique charging outlet that would be difficult to source Over the past year the population of the marketing community has been generally stable based on results obtained form the Statistical Institute of Jamaica. The attitude of the community toward the business has been favorable as the results were seen in a feasibility study that was done in and around the marketing community. Description of product ____________________________________ The Spot Charge, as its name implies is a miniature device, very handy portable charger which is operated on a single AA battery and is able to power up any cell phone batter in minutes. Pretty compacted and stylish, the Spot charge is like a tube and is small enough to be fitted anywhere. So be it anywhere in the world, you can charge up your phone battery anytime by just plugging one end of the Spot Charge adapter into the unit and the other into the cell your phone. Not only will it charge the battery, thanks to its design you can handle your cell phone while it is charging. There is a blue light at one end of the Spot charge that indicates when cell phones is being charge, and if the light goes out simply replace the battery. Spot Charge is ideal during power outages and when camping, hiking or sailing. It gives you the opportunity to make and receive calls as soon as you plug it in. This device is able to power up a cell phone for two hour of talk time or 40 hours of standby time on one AA battery (included). It â€Å"Trickle† charges an average cell phone in 1 ? hours, and comes with a charging adapter that is compatible with: Motorola (Motorola ROKR, Motorola RAZR) Audiovox Kyocera Samsung Nokia Sanyo Sony Ericsson LG cell phone – even Blackberry PDAs! Spot Charge 3† long x ? diameter and weigh less than 1 oz. Analysis of the competition ____________________________________ Based on preliminary investigation and survey of the market, there were no companies or organizations supplying the product that we are introducing to this market area, Therefore when it comes to identical portable chargers like the Spot Charger there are no real competitors. There are however products that provi des that same services as the Spot Charge. These products includes car charger, house hold chargers, which are provided by the following companies. Cable and Wireless ? Digicel ? Centennial Miphone ____________________________________________________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________ Production selection Market share Product Quality Quality of service Amount of advertising and production Pricing Workforce turnover Workforce Financial condition Level of debt Equipment Production capacity ____________________________________________________________ _____________ Pricing Strategies ____________________________________ The pricing strategy that Swiff Electronics will be using is to initially undercut our main competitors by selling our product with a small profit of 3%, using a market penetration strategy. Then after getting a share in the market, pricing will be adjusted to be directly competitive with our other major competitors. Swiff Electronics will also maximize sale by spreading the name of the company and products offered by taking part I seasonal sales that will comprise: ? The use of coupons ? Bundle pricing This will be done to capture the attention of the public in the peak shopping seasons. For customers who purchase our product and require the product to be shipped to then, Swiff electronics will comply with these requests; however the total price of the product will now include the additional cost for shipping. Credit Policy Swiff electronics credit policy will not be the regular policies that we know exist in the business world. What we will be introducing is a policy called â€Å"cash on delivery†, what this therefore means is that we deliver the goods and our customers will pay us on the spot. Considering the kind of product we are introducing to the market and that we have no real competition there is no doubt that this policy will work. No other product in Jamaica can do what the spot charge does. This is certainly an advantage in the business that gives us the opportunity to do with our product whatever pleases. Competitive advantage There are no real competitors because Spot charge is new to the market but what we have are potential competitors. The advantages expected would be compared to businesses offering services that are not exactly like Swiff electronics. The quality, price, location and turnaround of the business will all be an advantage over potential competitors. The quality of the product is second to none and the price compares to that of the cost of items that would provide similar service (car charger, regular phone charger etc. ) but the advantage we have is that none of those items are portable and discrete as the spot charge. Market segmentation The market segmentation is divided into the leading target markets. The division reflects the differences in marketing strategy that will be used to target each different market. The â€Å"yuppies† who enjoy being the first on their block to have a new, â€Å"chic† and â€Å"hip† product. †¢ The â€Å"yuppies† who follow trends and buy products that everyone else has. †¢ Older adults who simply use and depend on their cell phone for business or pleasure. †¢ Average college students who seeks convenience while indulging in entertainment. â₠¬ ¢ Technologically advance senior citizens. †¢ The individual who engage in long distance trips who are plagued by dead battery. †¢ Market analysis Potential | | | |Customers |Expected growth |Approximate numbers | | |2% |10,000 | |New | | | |Yuppies | | | | |3% |20,000 | |Trend | | | |Yuppies | | | | |2% |10,000 | |Older | | | |Adults | | | | |5% |15,000 | |College | | | |Students | | | | |1% |2,000 | |Senior | | | |Citizen | | | | |3. % |5,000 | |Other | | | | |16. 5% |47,000 | |Total | | | Description of Location ____________________________________ Based on results gathered from a feasibility study that was done regarding or product â€Å"Spot Charge†. Majority of the individuals who would welcome Spot Charge a part of their daily routine resides outside the metropolitan area of down town Kingston. A decision was agreed on by all executive members to locate the first business outlet of Swiff Electronics, within close proximity of the heart of down town Kingston. This would give us an advantage to bring Spot Charge closer to those who have a higher level in interest in the product. A Survey of the down town area was also carried out, to find out in which area Swiff Electronics would be more profitable. The result of that survey led us to source a shop space that is located at 13 Duke Street. Duke Street is one of the most busiest streets, in the down town area that Is not only populated by commercial entities but also other small businesses that are doing exceptionally well, which is as a result of their location. With Swiff Electronics being a new kid on the block and the only Electronic/cell phone accessory dealer, we are expecting to welcome a number of curious shopper as well as individuals who are knowledgeable about our product and services. Promotional Plan ____________________________________ The ultimate promotional goal of Swiff electronics is to: †¢ To communication with the target group and create awareness and interest in the service Spot Charge has to offer. To increase the use of Spot Charge, hence eliminate the break in communication associated with dead cell phone batteries. †¢ To acquire an increase in revenue. †¢ To enhance name recognition There are many ways to market the service offered by the product Spot Charge, however, the strateg ies listed below represent a few cost-effective ways to accomplish the marketing objective. Communication Mix In communicating with the target group, we will use a combination of communication channels such as advertising, publicity, promotions and personal selling. Because people need to hear a message many times from a variety of sources, we will employ a combination of these with a variety of approaches. Advertising Strategy |Management Implementation |Funding | | |Tasks |Responsibility |Time Frame | | |Utilization of Monitors( big screen |Identify what monitors are available in areas | |Ongoing | | |TV) that are placed in prime areas |frequented by course coordinators |Promotions Committee | | | |eg Libraries, supermarkets and |Identify message content | | | | |universities and schools etc. | | | | | |Banner in campus cafes and other |investigate possibility with cafes to pay |Promotions Committee |April– June 2007 | | |strategic locations |what message (link with Free coffee promotion | | | | | |below) | | | | |Television ads. Radio advertisement |Develop appropriate ads emphasizing the |Promotions Committee |Ongoing | | | |benefits of owning a Spot Charge | | | | Publicity |Strategy |Management Implementation |Funding | | |Tasks |Responsibility |Time Frame | | |Donate time and funds to |Identify charitable organizations and investigate |Promotions Committee |July 2007 | | |charitable organization such as|possible ways of offering time and funding. | | | |Children homes and Juvenile | | | | | |Correctional centers | | | | | |Writing articles for the local |Produce article with relevant information on the |Promotions Committee |July 2007 | | |newspaper concerning grand |benefits of Spot Charge | | | | |entrance of Spot Charge | | | | | Promotions |Strategy |Management Implementation |Funding | | |Tasks |Responsibility |Time Frame | | |Presentation of promotional |Letter text printing/ Design brochures. |Promotions Committee |End of August 200 7 | | |product, letter, and brochures |Investigate associated cost. | | | | |at well developed companies, |Print brochures. | | | |Shopping centers and other | | | | | |frequently visited locations | | | | | |Incentive promotion with phone |Investigate how it will work and ways to verify |Promotions Committee |September 2007 | | |companies- get product at |eligibility | | | | |discounted price with the | | | | | |purchase of any phone. | | | | |Web site |web site of resources and information about Spot |Promotions Committee |September 2007 | | | |Charge and generic attributes | | | | |Video message on web or email |Investigate costs how to do this |Promotions Committee |September 2007 | | | |Identify a key message we wish to use it to | | | | | |deliver. | | | | Management and personnel Swiff Electronics is currently not hiring any employees. The decision has been made to postpone hiring until the company begins to succeed. After approximately one year, there employees will be adde d to the current five. |Organizational Structure | | Swiff Electronics is split functionality, In that each division of the company is managed by one of the co-owner of the group. |Management Team | | Dexroy Jones is the managing director, and founder of Swiff electronics. Jones was president of production at Swiss Army Watches before he decided to return to his native home land to start his own company. He graduated from the University of Technology Jamaica, and received an MBA at The Florida International University. Calford Ramsay: head of Marketing and Human Resources division. He has worked and co-owned Wright and Ramsay, an advertising agency, for fifteen years. Ramsay received a BA and MBA from University of Technology Jamaica â€Å"UTech†. Dwayne McKay McIntoch: Head of product development division. He was previously vice president of operations at Greentree Sports in Phoenix, AZ. He received his BA from Caribbean Maritime Institute Jamaica â€Å"CMI† and his MBA from UCLA. Keyon Hinds: Financial Controller and head of administration. He was previously financial controller of French Collection for United Kingdom †FCUK† for seven years. He has returned home to provide his knowledge and expertise in the building of Swiff Electronics. He received his BA at the University of Technology Jamaica and a MBA at Cambridge University. |Kirkpatrick Binns: Operation manager. Binns is the owner of Legendary Manufactures and has worked as operation manager for six years at Docks producers in | |Martha’s Vineyard. He has received a B. Sc. at the University of Technology Jamaica and a MBA at Texas AM University. | | | | |Management Team Gaps | | The following important gaps exist: †¢ The present team has little sales experience. †¢ There is no current in-house designer – this should be corrected within a year. †¢ There is no i nternational manager. †¢ Personnel The personnel plan calls for adding three employees by the end of the first year for a total of eight. After the second year, employment is expected to increase by another four. These new employees will go into production and sales. Swiff Electronics aims to provide the finest services to its employees. In fulfilling this aim the company provides benefits for all full time employees which include: ? Health plan ? Life insurance ? pension plan The company also observes all public calendar holidays. For public holidays, salary paid employees will receive a day off, and hourly paid employee will receive double pay for the hours worked on these days. All employees are also entitled to three sick days per month however only full time employees will receive pay for these periods. Vacation time is available for all employees having being with the company for a minimum of one year. The following give detail has to how the time is allotted: |NUMBER |VACATION | |OF YEARS |TIME (working days) | |1 |5 | |2 – 4 |14 | |4 and over |28 | For employees who may experience a death in the family they will be eligible for additional days off. For death within the immediate family, employees will receive 4 working days off (spouse, children, parent etc. , and 2 working days off for other members of the family (cousin, uncle, aunt etc. ). The company will also present a floral presentation to the team member who has experience such tragedy. Swiff Electronics hiring policies are governed by: ? Title VII of the Civil Rights Acts ? Age Discrimination Law ? The Americans with Disability Act ? The Family Leave Act As the company gives equal opportunity to all applicants irrespective of the colour of their skin, religious believe, age, nationality, disability and sexual orientation. Organizational Chart [pic] Work Schedule [pic] Work period April 9, 2007 – April 15 , 2007 Approved by_________________________ | |Names | |ITEM |QUANTITY NEEDED |PRICE FOR EACH |TOTAL PRICE | |Desk |5 |4080 |20400 | |Chairs |8 |3200 |25600 | |Shelving |9 |3700 |33300 | |Lounge chairs |3 |6900 |20700 | | | | | | |Total for furniture and fixtures |100000 | Machinery / Equipment | |Computers |3 |40000 |120000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total for machinery and equipment |120000 | |Checklist for start-up cost |Inventory | |57,866,000 | |Furniture and fixtures | |100,000 | |Machinery and equipment | |120,000 | |Prepaid expenses | | | |Insurance |150,000 | | |Grand opening advertising |70,000 | | |Legal fees |80,000 | | |Accounting fees | | | |Employees wages |300,000 | | |Other | | | |Total prepaid expenses | |600,000 | |deposits | | | |lease |120,000 | | |Utility | | | |Tax |994,500 | | |other |50,000 | | |Total deposits | |1,299,500 | |Building and renovation | | | |If purchased | | | |Sales price | | |Construction /renovation | | | |If le ased | | | |Leasehold improvements | | | |Total location cost | |0 | |Working capital | | | |Owners salary |500,000 | | |Employees salary | | | |Employee taxes | | | |Rent | | | |Advertising | | | |Utilities | | | |Supplies | | | |Telephone | | | |Legal/accounting fees | | | |Loan payment | | | |Repairs/maintenance | | | |Auto/travel expenses | | | |inventory | | | |miscellaneous | | | |Total working capital | |500,000 | |Total Start-up cost 60,350,500 | Financing 1. What are your total start-up costs? $ 60,350,500 2. How much will you invest from personal funds? $350,000 3. How much will you obtain in other equity? 0 4. How much will you borrow? $60,000,000 Bank loan$ 5,000,000 Borrowed for 5 years at 17% interest Finance companies $55,000,000 Borrowed for 7 years at 16. 45% Opening Day Balance Sheet Assets Current assets Cash (working capital)500,000 Supplies Prepaid expenses465,000 Inventory 57,866,000 Total current assets$ 58,831,000 Fixed assets Furniture/fixtures100,000 Machinery/equipment120,000 Renovations Total fixed assets 220,000 Total assets$ 59,051,000 Liabilities Current liabilities Long term debt 60,000,000 Total current liabilities Long term liabilities Total long term$ 60,000,000 Total liabilities$ 60,000,000 Equity Total liabilities and equity Projected Income Statement Sales |72,332,500 | |cost of goods sold | | |beginning inventory |0 | |+ purchases |57,866,000 | |+ freight |0 | |- ending inventory |0 | |= cost of goods sold |57,866,000 | | | | |Gross margin |14,466,500 | |Expenses | | |Employee wages |300,000 | |Legal |80,000 | |Advertising |95,000 | |Rent |120,000 | |Depreciation | | |Supplies | |Utili ties |5000 | |Telephone |3300 | |Interest | | |Repairs | | |Taxes |994,500 | |Insurance |150,000 | |Miscellaneous | | |Total expenses |1,747,800 | |Net profit |12,718,700 | |Less: income | -3,179,675 | |Less: self employed tax | -890,309 | |Net profit after tax |8,648,716 | |Jan |Feb | |Rent |120,000 | | |Telephone | |3,300 | |Legal | 80,000 | | |Insurance |150,000 | | |Total |350,000 |3,300 | Determine breakeven Contribution margin Projected sales for first year$ 198,738,715 Gross margin$ 173,598,000 Contribution margin =. 87 Break even Total fixed expense4,200,000 Contribution margin0. 87 Break even point BE= 4,200,000/0. 87 = $4,827,586. 21 Legalities ____________________________________ Swiff Electronics is a partnership or limited liability company. The decision to choose this organization form is as a result of legalities that surround our organization. Being a limited liability organization gives us the opportunity to pull together the needed funding as well as a profound and well grounding decision making team. Calfrod Ramsay the Marking manager is currently in discussion with the producers of our product, making agreement to be the main distributor of the Spot Charge within our marketing environment. With that agreement finalize no other company would have legal right to purchase or be a distributor for the manufacture of Spot Charge within this market. Insurance Requirements ____________________________________ In ensuring the safety of our employees and property is . Swiff Suppliers ____________________________________ Swiff Electronics source all its products from Teqtronics Manufacturing located in China. Although there are not the only suppliers, Teqtronics has proven to be more consistent in their business agreements and the quality of the product they offer. They are also the only producers of the brand and type of Spot Charge that we will be marketing. The credit terms offered by Teqtronics are unbeatable and they give us the opportunity to choose the quantity of products we would like to order based on the demand of our customers. Uncontrollable risks ____________________________________ There are a number of uncontrollable risks that plagues new businesses that are now on the list of Swiff Electronics. These risks include: ? Natural disasters – Hurricanes – Storms – Flood etc. ? Rate of inflation ? Changes in technology ? Changes in consumer tasks and life style ? New competition ? The continuous decrease in value of our dollar vs. our counterparts Conclusion ____________________________________ [pic] ———————– Managing Director Dexroy Jones Financial Controller/ Administration Keon Hinds Marketing and HR Manager Calford Ramsay Product Development Dwayne McKay McIntoch Marketing and sales TBA Operations manager Kirkpatrick Binns Administrative Assistant TBA Marketing and Sales TBA How to cite Final Business Plan, Papers

Corporate Social Responsibility Important â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is Corporate Social Responsibility Important To Businesses Today? Answer: Introducation The above article is published in the International Journal of Management Reviews. The article talks about the role of corporate social responsibility in businesses today. The article conducts a literature review and describes how CSR activities of organisations help them to develop a corporate image and enhance and strengthen the relationship between the organisation and stakeholders (Du et al., 2010). The article suggests that to reap the benefits of CSR and maximise CSR returns, companies must communicate their CSR activities effectively. The article also provides a framework for effective CSR communication so as to maximise returns. The above article gives various examples of successful CSR communication and its benefits. The article provides an overview of the benefits of CSR for businesses and how they can maximise these benefits. The article focuses on the role of CSR in enhancing the stakeholder relationships for businesses in todays environment. The article can be used in explaining the benefits of CSR activities for businesses. The article will help in recommending organizations about maximizing CSR returns by building an effective stakeholder communication (Du et al., 2010). Moreover, the article is important in explaining the core functions of CSR that will help an organization in building a strong corporate image and reaps the benefits of conducting and communicating CSR activities. Carroll, A. Shabana, K., 2010. The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1). The article has recently appeared in the International Journal of Management Review. The article attempts to describe a business case by using the concepts, practices and research in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The primary idea behind formulating a business case is to understand what organizations gain by engaging in CSR activities. It aims at describing the tangible benefits of CSR policies, activities and the reason why CSR has become a core function for organizations today (Carroll Shabana, 2010). The article also evaluates the ideas and arguments for and against responsibility of business towards society. The primary focus of the paper is to develop a business case for CSR activities, where the authors analyze the tangible benefits of CSR for the organizations in todays environment. The article conducts a literature review to analyze the changing environment in which organizations have greater responsibilities towards society and these responsibilities are beyond, profit-generation and maximizing financial accounting gains (Carroll Shabana, 2010). The article contributes to the field of CSR research and practice, by defining the real purpose of CSR activities in businesses today. The article is important because it will help in describing the reason why businesses must focus on conducting CSR activities. The article suggests that businesses must become responsible towards the society and must accelerate their CSR activities beyond the traditional ideas. The article opens doors for further research in revolutionizing CSR activities. Tilt, C., 2016. Corporate social responsibility research: the importance of context. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 1(2). The article has recently been published in the International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility in the year 2016. The article emphasizes the importance of context in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) Research. Recently, reporting of CSR activities has gained much importance, and most research studies focus on the advantages of CSR and CSR reporting in developing and developed countries (Tilt, 2016). The article suggests that it is important to investigate the contextual factors which largely influence CSR reporting. The article argues that rather than relying on the CSR theories developed in West, CSR reporting in developing nations should be studies with respect to contextual factors. The article suggests that the developing nations have completely different political scenarios, cultural, social and legal influences than developed countries and hence, these factors interfere with the application of western theories (like stakeholder theory and accountability theory), which are most commonly used theories in explaining CSR reporting (Tilt, 2016). The primary focus of the article is on the influence of contextual factors in CSR reporting activities and policies (Tilt, 2016). The article argues that the contextual factors must be considered in CSR reporting in developing countries as the political, legal, cultural and social contexts in developing countries differ largely from that of developed countries. The article highlights an important and recent topic in CSR research and practice. CSR accounting has gained much importance in recent years in the field of CSR research, and the article contributes towards enhancing the CSR accounting in developing countries. The articles aims at improving the CSR research in developing nations and supports future research in the field of CSR in emerging economies. Momin, M. Parker, L., 2013. Motivations for corporate social responsibility reporting by MNC subsidiaries in an emerging country: The case of Bangladesh. The British Accounting Review, 45(3), pp.215-28. The article has recently appeared in the British Accounting Review Journal in the year 2013. The article discusses the CSR reporting in Multi National Companies (MNC) subsidiaries. Today, MNCs have established their subsidiaries in emerging countries. Most research in CSR field focuses on the CSR reporting in MNC organizations, however, the CSR reporting in MNC subsidiaries is sidelined (Momin Parker, 2013). The article focuses on the motivations that influence the CSR reporting in MNC subsidiaries by exploring the case in Bangladesh. The article conducts a literature review of the CSR reporting activities in MNCs, by using a case study method. The article suggests that internal legitimacy is the primary motivation in CSR reporting practices in MNC subsidiaries. The primary focus of the article is on finding the motivations for reporting in MNC subsidiaries. Since there is very less research in the field of CSR reporting in MNC subsidiaries and it is not known whether the CSR reporting practices are based on host country norms or parent country policies (Momin Parker, 2013). The study reveals that CSR reporting practices in MNC subsidiaries are limited and not fully explored and provides a framework for effective CSR reporting in MNC subsidiaries. The article largely contributes towards the current CSR research practice. The current CSR research practice focuses on the CSR initiatives and reporting activities in MNC subsidiaries in developing nations. The article opens doors for future research in CSR reporting research (Momin Parker, 2013). Asemah, E., Okpanachi, R. Edegoh, L., 2013. Business Advantages of Corporate Socila Responsibility: A Critical review. New Media and Mass Communication, 18, pp.45-56. The article has appeared in the Journal of New Media and Mass Communication recently. The article highlights the advantages of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The paper reviews the stakeholder theory and the CSR iron law (Asemah et al., 2013). The article conducts a critical review of previous research studies in the field of CSR research and suggests that, enhanced corporate image, attracts new customers, improves the relationships with the stakeholders and investors, fosters innovations and ethics, and also improves access to capital. By reviewing the business advantages of CSR, the article encourages organizations to continuously undertake and improve CSR activities. The primary focus of the article is on highlighting the important advantages of conducting CSR activities (Asemah et al., 2013). The article suggests that fulfilling the responsibility towards the community, environment, and society, business organizations will gain various benefits. s The article is important contribution towards current CSR research and encourages various organizations to actively engage in CSR activities. The article is an important contribution in the field of CSR research and supports future research in evaluating the benefits of CSR research and practices (Asemah et al., 2013). The article can be effectively used in describing the concepts and practices of CSR and also in evaluating the tangible benefits of CSR activities for business organizations in the current scenario. References Asemah, E., Okpanachi, R. Edegoh, L., 2013. Business Advantages of Corporate Socila Responsibility: A Critical review. New Media and Mass Communication, 18, pp.45-56. Carroll, A. Shabana, K., 2010. The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1). Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. Sen, S., 2010. Maximizing Business Returns to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The Role of CSR Communication. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1). Fifka, M., 2011. Corporate Responsibility Reporting and its Determinants in Comparative Perspective a Review of the Empirical Literature and a Meta-analysis. usiness Strategy and the Environment, 22(1). Mishra, S. Suar, D., 2010. Does Corporate Social Responsibility Influence Firm Performance of Indian Companies? Journal of Business Ethics, 95(4), pp.571-601. Momin, M. Parker, L., 2013. Motivations for corporate social responsibility reporting by MNC subsidiaries in an emerging country: The case of Bangladesh. The British Accounting Review, 45(3), pp.215-28. Sharma, Y., 2013. Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Organizations. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 13(4), pp.1-8. Tilt, C., 2016. Corporate social responsibility research: the importance of context. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 1(2).

Toyota Product Development System free essay sample

Toyota’s LPDS starts with the customer who is represented by the Chief Engineer. Toyota uses the Chief Engineer’s concept paper as a guiding tool to align thinking on the planning process. They very efficiently use the Obeya (big room) to bring together the members of divergent teams and allows them to function as a unit. The teams are structured so that all of the voices that need to be heard, from the designers to the managers of the factory, who can provide input on the impact decisions will have on the workers and the final produce, are there. One of the advantages to Toyota’s process is that it allows them to retain valuable employees. Their system of â€Å"Creating a Leveled Product Development Process Flow† means that workers will not be overworked and will be able to focus their full attention on the project at hand. When the project is finished, they are provided with new challenges to help them grow. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Product Development System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The process of innovation is woven into the fabric of the organization. Toyota supplements its processes with a culture that is finely aligned with the process. They have also developed a number of tools to serve the process such as the already mentioned Obeya, a system of checklists which until recently were kept in three ring binders, Hansei, teardowns, A3 reports which summarize problems and help to ensure alignment. All of the processes at Toyota are highly standardized, and their culture ensures that the standardization process continues. Toyota has a corporate structure that reinforces and perpetuates itself. Sakicki Toyoda learned the loom business from the ground up, and this instilled in him a belief that to be successful, one must understand all aspects of the business. He used this knowledge to build an empire and it his conviction that one must learn by doing that still guides the thinking of Toyota employees. Power is gained through merit with all engineers working their way up â€Å"through the ranks. † Unlike other automakers who hire the best and brightest out of college and immediately give them a great deal of responsibility, Toyota takes the best and brightest (discovered through a rigorous and highly selective process) and has them go through a mentoring system where they are judged at each phase of the training. It is a socialization process that produces an employee who is trained in Toyota standards and procedures. It takes many years for a newcomer to be given a large responsibility such as a Chief Engineer. Consequently, the Chief Engineer is imbued with respect, as the entire organization knows that person has obtained the rank through perseverance, hard work, accomplishment and a deep understanding of the â€Å"Toyota Way. † Toyota is fiercely loyal to its employees, retaining them even in times of economic downturn. Even employees who are not living up to Toyota’s exacting standards are retained, however, they are given jobs with no responsibility; a great humiliation in an environment that values achievement. This has given Toyota a reputation as an excellent employer, and jobs there are highly prized. One realizes when one takes a job at Toyota that you are a highly valued part of the family, and the success of the rest of the family rests directly with you. This surely makes new employees dig into their work with great zest and humility. By studying from the ground up, the workers are able to gain insight into the whole development process. They can see how their work literally fits into the larger structure. This harmony is further reinforced by their mantra of â€Å"Customer First. † When trade-offs are presented, the overruling concern is that of the designer, as the designer is the customer. For items that are not necessarily â€Å"Customer First† issues, Toyota has developed â€Å"trade-off curves† and decision matrices to standardize decision-making. PROCESS PRINCIPLES Anyone who has spent a long time at Toyota will have absorbed the Toyota Way. † The processes of the LPDS will be firmly engrained in minds of the employees. It is difficult to separate the â€Å"lean thinking† of Toyota employees from the LDPS. They reinforce each other. The process principles of LPDS are a manifestation of the lean thinking that is a part of Toyota’s culture. By defining the customer as the starting point of the entire LPDS process, Toyota is able to align the thinking of the entire organization. It also sets the goal of eliminating waste to greater serve the needs of the customer. Other companies have tried to adopt Toyota’s processes without success. This is due to the fact that the process is only one part of Toyota’s success, the other, and in some instances, more compelling part of the success, is Toyota’s ability to create a culture indoctrinated in that process. The culture subverts ego, and turns problems into learning opportunities. Toyota has developed the most effective â€Å"knowledge job shop† in the automotive industry. It beauty lies in its ability to bring together representatives of all facets of the production process in harmony. In thinking about Goldratt’s principle of identifying and bottlenecks, you can see that Toyota has developed a process to dramatically reduce the number of bottlenecks it will face. By using standardization of parts and platforms and bringing in the right representatives to the Obeya to discuss problems before they are built into the design, Toyota is able to smooth out the potential bottlenecks before they occur. There is a great deal of alignment between all members of the team, so one is not operating in a vacuum; trying to solve problems without seeing how your solution fits into the larger product. Toyota’s focus on a leveled product development process also helps to eliminate bottlenecks by keeping the batches of work at a manageable level, eliminating variability and keeps utilization levels constant. As mentioned before, standardization is extremely important in creating a successful innovation environment. Standardization creates a common language that fosters greater communication. It even promotes communication of best practices over time as the best practices are engrained in the process by being adopted a standards. It enhances the scheduling process by allowing anticipation in the schedule, which in turn leads to great synchronization of efforts. It allows platforms, technology and subsystems to be reused in different designs saving time and money. As a result of their standardization process, Toyota is often able to eliminate the expensive prototyping phase of vehicle development. This can be done because with so many â€Å"tried and true† components being used in consistent ways, prototyping would be redundant. Standardization is one the key element to Toyotas speed in developing new vehicles. PEOPLE PRINICPLES Toyota uses a matrix system rather than a skunk works operation to develop new vehicles, Toyota’s LPDS is fully integrated into Toyota’s structure. They assemble a cross functional team that has representatives from the full range of functions involve with design, manufacturing and sales. Unlike other cross functional teams, where there is some ambiguity as to who the employee serves, Toyota is able to get an extremely high level of productivity out of them. This is due to several factors. Toyota’s culture where employees have a high level of trust for one another and deep understanding of the process thanks to the leadership to the Chief Engineer. The Chief Engineer (CE) is the head of the development project. This position is given to a senior engineer with a proven track record as an outstanding engineer and as one who is successful in using the â€Å"Toyota Way. † Management chooses CEs based on their ability to handle challenges and then tasks them with developing a vehicle that satisfies an overarching strategic direction. The CE acts as the voice of the customer who is the main focus of the LPDS. As such, the CE articulates the overall concept for the vehicle in a concept paper. This concept paper is the guiding principle that aligns the entire team working on the project. The CE is not the direct supervisor of the engineers working on the program, however, the CE does have full responsibility for the design’s success from development through sales and the concept paper ensures accountability. Unlike the â€Å"heavyweight project managers† the CE is imbued with more authority. Even without direct supervisory responsibilities, the position of CE is highly revered within the Toyota organization and commands great respect. Many within the Toyota family strive to achieve the role of CE. In fact, it is the continual striving for excellence that has helped Toyota to develop and maintain a culture of continuous learning. When an employee starts at Toyota, they undergo a long mentoring and socialization process. The socialization process that Toyota employees go through instills them with the spirit of Kaizen, which says that there is always an opportunity to learn and that learning is ongoing. This is reinforced by Toyotas practices of Hansei (reflection). Toyota builds in time and encourages its workers to step back and reflect on the work that they are doing. Toyota’s culture that embraces problems, because problems combined with Hansei can lead to Kaizen. This gives them a huge advantage over American car companies were problems are not valued and people will often cover up problems that they are having in order to maintain their status. By not embracing their problems, the problems get compounded as they are often discovered too late. TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY The best thinking to be used in choosing supporting technology is to think about it in terms the broader framework of your company’s people and processes. Toyota uses this thinking very effectively. At Toyota, technologies do not stand alone. On the contrary, their product development systems are all seamlessly integrated into their V-Comm system. This enables information to be passed quickly and efficiently to all team members. Toyota also adheres to a belief that technology should support your processes and not drive it. Consistency of process is valued at Toyota more highly than keeping up with the latest advancement. They chose technology to solve specific problems and do not look for a one size fits all solution. Finally, Toyota makes sure that the technological solutions are the right size for the problem rather than constantly going for the biggest and best. While Toyota uses this principled approach to technology, their tools that support successful innovation and organizational learning are not technology driven. Along with the V-Comm system mentioned earlier One of the first tools that is used is the CE’s concept paper. This paper is used to align the thinking of the product development team. It provides enough guidance that it allows the team to work in harmony, but at the same time, it gives the team enough flexibility that they are able to be creative. They also use a simple device called the A3 report, which distills problems and solutions down to their essence. It is really the process of reducing a problem to one sheet of paper that helps to hone the thinking and promote learning. However, the A3 also facilitates increased communication. They also use teardown analysis performed by the engineers who are working on the project and have a system of checklists that provide guidelines for product design. One of the most effective tools in Toyota’s arsenal is their constant and codified post-mortem process of Hansei. The standardization of Toyota’s processes allows the learning from this reflection to be captured and implemented. THREE CONCEPTS In looking at Toyota, one might say that they are an ambidextrous organization. Or one could say that they are successful because they have achieved a strong balance between the red and green quadrants of the Competing Values Framework. Much like Dell computers, Toyota’s culture looks very red on the surface. The strict adherence to checklists and standardization seem to indicate a company that is focused on control. But like Dell, the rigorous structures that the put in place are actually innovative (green). And in fact, the reason that Toyota and Dell are able to be successfully innovative is that they have these supporting structures in place. It is an interesting dichotomy to be at once extremely controlled and very innovative. However, by balancing these two aspects of the corporate culture, Toyota has gained great success. Toyota has also developed strategies that help it to avoid the â€Å"enemies of innovation†. First they use standardization to speed the innovation process to avoid lengthy development times. Second, by using tools like the concept paper, the Obeya, Hansei and standardization they are able to coordinate their efforts to a high degree. Third, they have come to grips with the risks that they are willing to take and have a high degree of trust throughout the organization. Finally, the CE truly understands the customer and has done much anthropological work to foster that understanding. KEY TAKE-AWAYS There were three main take-aways I gained from reading â€Å"The Toyota Product Development System: 1. Creating a culture that is aligned with your strategic goals is the greatest goal a manager could achieve. The Toyota LPDS works because it is engrained in the culture of the organization. The great reward for an engineer is to become a CE and lead a team in producing something that will best serve the needs of the customer. In order to become a CE, you have to demonstrate that you can work effectively within the systems of Toyota. This gives one a great incentive to work within the structure of Toyotas system. 2. Do not let technology drive your process, let your process drive technology. I was amazed to learn that a company with such advanced capabilities in development used checklist bound in three-ring binders to ensure that its processes were followed. It seems that most people, including myself, feel that newer and faster technology will lead to productivity breakthroughs. We are usually disappointed with the results. Toyota shows us that the problem is that technology without a solid process to back it up seldom works. If one can find technology that will improve a successful process, then it has great potential to have that breakthrough quality we expect. Toyota did this with their V-Comm system, which made the information previously stored in three-ring binders more accessible. 3. Structure leads to greater innovation It always seem counter-intuitive to me that by being more structured, one could be more creative. Having been trained as an artist, I often bristled at structure and standardization as I felt it stifled creativity. But Toyota’s LPDS made me realize that structure is the platform that allows innovation to happen. I then began to realize that within jazz music, there is a great deal of standardization. Jazz musicians spend years studying chord progressions, scales and modes and learning the songs that make up the jazz repertoire. They also spend years listening to other players and absorbing many of their ideas. This provides a foundation for musicians to communicate. Many people often ask me how it is that a group of jazz musicians who have never met before can come together for the first time and create great music together. It is because of the standardization of the repertoire that they are able to do that. The musicians know and understand the structure of a song and the â€Å"rules† for performing. This provides them with a common language to communicate their ideas to each other. In my own business, I see increasing our standardization preventing us from constantly reinventing the wheel. It is the best ways to promote and capture organization learning. The great challenge will be to change the culture, which I have created, from one that is adverse to structure to one that embraces it.

How Things Appear Isnt Always how they are essays

How Things Appear Isnt Always how they are essays How things appear is not always how they really are. This is common when looking at how law enforcement officers and agencies operate. The public as well as Serpico had many preconceived ideas about how the department and fellow officers functioned. Unfortunately, for Serpico more and more of his conceptions are turning out to be false. While riding in the patrol car Serpico and his training officer heard a call over the radio about a rape. His partner was not planning on taking the call since it was between sectors, but Serpico insisted. He was not willing to stay in the room while a detective beat the rape suspect with a phone book evidently not approving of the abuse. And later he did not follow orders to wait for the investigating officer and insisted on arresting two other rape suspects. Serpico wants to pay for his meal and get what he wants rather than take what is free and seems disapproving of allowing the restaurant owner to double-park on delivery days. It is obvious that Serpico is out to be the good cop fighting crime, however he is not following the code that the other officers follow. Serpico wants to behave only how he was taught in the academy without becoming involved in some of the abuse of power and lackadaisical attitudes he has witnessed. As a society we want to believe that police officers will go above and beyond the call of duty to serve and protect us, but in actuality many police officers will not do this. As far as Serpico going against the ways that have been set before him, he is only setting himself up for trouble with the other officers. In fact, in todays cop world officers dont take kindly to rookies coming in trying to be super heroes and change the way things are. ...

Choose from description below Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choose from description below - Research Paper Example The author gives a good example of Europe during the Cold War when a huge percentage of the countries embraced the constriction of their soldiers (Yew-Kwang 374). However, the military draft was governed with a lot of controversies ranging from the costs incurred on the same which has forced a huge percentage of the countries to focus on volunteer efforts from other agencies so as to evade the costs (Yew-Kwang 375). Additionally, the weapons adopted in the war system are actually extremely sophisticated which has also contributed immensely to the elimination of conscription (Yew-Kwang 374). Despite the fact that the author argues, that the military draft may involve a lesser cost, it is arguable that the costs of paying this fee will be burdened on the taxpayers who have to overstretch their pockets to cater for that fund (Yew-Kwang 375). Sands’ article argues that the military draft may be useful for the protection of the humans, but the challenges that come alongside it are massive. The author gives an example of the Soviet bloc during the 2nd World War (Sands 33). The article also explains that adopting an all-conscript force is actually too expensive and does not save much cost for the taxpayers (Sands 33). Leaders of the present day era, as Sands argues, are ones that military forces and not military-conscript forces (34). Hummel explains that the military draft was applied in the case of USA during the Mexican war (30). The practices of the militia were by then varied from state to the other, some states spending about 2.5 % for the military draft (Hummel 40). Hummel takes a stand by saying that the difference portrayed in the USA militia drafts kept improving over the years, which led to efficient services from the militants (48). However, the author concludes by saying volunteer militia would be fit today, as opposed to provision of drafts as well as coercion to the militants (Hummel 69) Critique Yew-Kwang’s article may be termed as a vali d one for the study of the topic. It begins from the perspective of the author on what they would have done if they were to choose for or against the military draft. The author then gives an introduction that summarizes the paper. The next section focuses on the analysis of the work which is also explained in the form of graphical representation to explain the author’s perspective in details. The author also gives a simple model of calculation of the draft and its implications in a graphical representation with formulae to explain the graph (Yew-Kwang 379). From the conclusion of the article, it is evident that the author supports military draft in a way as he argues out to the economists that the draft may attract desirable costs. Sands’ article is in prose from and is seemingly one that contains explanations that may not actually be justified on the basis of the conclusions made. If the author had actually given raw data probably from the military personnel, the arti cle would have had a stronger implication on the reader or researcher in this field. Lastly Hummel’s work gives a historical account of what had been taking place throughout the world regarding the provision of military drafts as well as their effectiveness. With a detailed account of some of the wars fought during the time, the reader gets a clear glimpse of the exact picture of what ensued during the past and what needs to

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 19

Public health - Essay Example organizations will improve considering the technological advancement, and if there the implementation of pay for performances and non-payment of â€Å"never’ events stipulations, which I suppose can greatly enhance and encourage high quality among the health care institutions. However, all these improvements, I believe will only be possible with the collaboration of healthcare institutions and all the stakeholders involved. Decreasing risk factors that are associated with contracting diseases and health choices among patients and the populations is very important. This is because some people are very ignorant of their health and thus in this case will be safe from contracting most of the diseases. In addition, this will be beneficial as majority of the families struggle to make ends meet and may not be in a position to seek proper medical attention. Thus, these initiatives of decreasing risk factors and increasing health choices would ensure or guarantee them safety from contracting diseases. Finally, considering that the responsible entities respond too late in cases of protection from diseases, these programs would be of great value in prevention of diseases among patients and general

Information Management Systems That Support Organizations

Information Management Systems That Support Organizations ABSTRACT â€Å"An information system can be defined as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making, coordination, and control in an organisation. In addition to supporting decision making, coordination and control, information systems may also help managers and workers analyse problems visualise complex subjects, and create new products† (Laudon Laudon, 2001) 1. Introduction In order for an organisation to fully appreciate the information systems available to them they must appreciate the value of information available. Information Technology and Information Management have experienced tremendous growth. Information is available everywhere and anytime. The Internet has certainly devalued information, before its creation many organisations benefited from gathering, sorting and selling information to stakeholders in need information to grow their business. When printed information is turned into digital information the price drops. Take for example newspapers. It is the norm that Newspapers today publishes part of its information on the Newspapers website for free, if you want to view the rest of the articles you must pay for it at a premium. Meta information providers such as Google pick up this digital information and provide it free over the internet. The value of the information to the providers is obviously monetary but to the consumer of these online products it is ease of access and less time consuming to purchase online information. Although much of information provided is considered to be free, we do pay the internet provider, and the internet provider charges a third party for access to the information. The internet today has turned into the largest library in the world. In the past students when looking for information for assignments, research projects and exams gathered information from books, newspapers and research journals. The internet has made attaining information uncomplicated. 1.1 The Value of Information to the Organisation It does not matter what type of business you are running whether it be a manufacturing business or providing a service the vital ingredient for any organisation is information. It is an organisation most vital asset. Information enables us to determine the need to create new products and services. â€Å"Information tells us to move into new markets or to withdraw from other markets. Without information, the goods do not get made, the orders are not placed, the materials are not procured, the shipments are not delivered, the customers are not billed, and the business cannot survive.† www.referenceforbusiness.com [2] 2. Information Management Systems An Information System (IS) is more than hardware or software. The most important components of the system are the people who design it, maintain it, and use it. While the overall system must meet various needs in terms of power and performance, it must also be functional for the organisations employees. Regardless which Information System an organisation chooses it is a major investment for any firm in todays business environment. A poorly chosen or designed Information System can become an impediment to an organisation in attaining its goals. If the Information system if not capable of collecting, storing and transferring vital information for the business then the outcome can be catastrophic. Customers of the business may be discontented or worse lost. Valuable revenue may be lost due to increased overheads and the business may lose desired business direction due to an ineffective Information System. 2.1 Information Management Challenges It may be essential to design different systems aimed at different levels of the organisation, firms are likely to find rewards in integrating systems, although integrating systems for different levels to freely exchange information can be complicated and expensive. Organisations need to decide what level of systems integration is required and how much it is going to cost. Sustaining a competitive advantage does not necessarily last long. Competitors can reproduce a competitors strategic information management system. Changing market conditions, changes in what the consumer wants today and changes in the business environment all add to the loss of competitive advantage within an organisation if previous standards are not maintained. Updated technology from rival companies can lead to your organisation losing its competitive advantage. Operational Level Systems Knowledge Level Systems Management Level Systems Strategic Level Systems 3. Operational Level Systems 3.1 The Transaction Support System TSS supports managers in the day to day running of the business. It keeps track of basic transactions such as sales figures, lodgements to bank, payments to creditors, payroll etc. The main purpose of the system is to answer questions which arise on a daily basis. Information must be easily obtained and precise. These are fundamental systems that serve the operational level of the organisation. Transaction Support System is a computerised system that executes the daily routine transactions necessary to carry out the day to day tasks of running a business. At the operational level duties, resources and goals are predefined and form the foundation of daily business. Example of which is a bank lending money to customers, the predetermined questions are on the computer if the customer has the capacity to fund the repayments of the loan the transaction support system will give the answer as to whether the loan can be grant or not as the case may be. Typical TPS have five major functional categories, sales marketing, manufacturing production, finance accounting and Human Resource. 3. 2 Knowledge Level Systems Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) supports the organisation employees involved in data processing. The knowledge based system helps integrate new information into the organisation and controls the flow of paper. Knowledge Level Systems are found in workstations throughout the organisation. Normally knowledge workers are people who hold formal university degrees and are often members of professional bodies such as doctors, engineers, lawyers and scientists. Their main role is to primarily create new information and knowledge. KWS, such as scientific or engineering design work stations, promote the creation new knowledge and ensure that new knowledge and technical expertise are properly integrated into the business. 4. Management Level Systems Management Information Systems (MIS) are used to monitor and control decision making and administrative activities. Management level reports provide regular intelligence rather than information on operations. Some management systems centre on less structured decisions from which the information received may not always be clear. These systems often answer the question â€Å"what if† an example of which would be â€Å"what will happen if our sales figures double in the next two months†. Answers to questions often need new data from outside the organisation as well as the readily available data found from the existing operational level system. MIS primarily serve the function of controlling, planning and decision making at management level, depending on transaction processing system for their data. The MIS condense and report on the companys basic operations. This system usually provides managers with weekly, monthly and yearly results. It will provide specified answers to routine questions that have been prepared in advance and have a predefined formula for answering them. For instance, MIS reports might list the amount of coffee used last quarter in a chain of coffee shops, or it can make comparisons between one quarter and another. Management information systems are usually not flexible and they have little diagnostic capabilities, they use simple routine reports such as summaries and comparisons. 4.1 Decision Support Systems DSS also supports management level in the organisation. DSS assist managers make decisions that are exclusive, briskly adjusting, not easy to specify beforehand. They address problems where the procedure for arriving at a solution may not be fully predefined. Even though DSS use internal information from TPS and MIS, they frequently bring in information from external sources, such as product price of competitors or current stock price. By design the Decision Support System have more analytical power that the other systems. Built for the sole purpose with a variety of models to analyse data, or compress large amounts of data into a form where they can then be studied by the decision makers. â€Å"DSS are designed so that users can work with them directly; these systems explicitly include user-friendly software. DSS are interactive; the user can change assumptions, ask new questions, and include new data† (Laudon Laudon. 2001) 4.2 Strategic Level Systems Executive Support System (ESS) assists senior managers attempt to address strategic issues and long term goals within the internal and external environments. The main concern is matching changes in the external environment to organisational capabilities. Information systems also supply major business functions as in sales, marketing, manufacturing and finance, accounting and human resource. A classic system will have each of the information systems designed to give the information required from each of the various departments. The sales function has a sales system on the operational level to record daily sales figures and to process customers orders. A management level system can track monthly sales, can send reports and calculate if there is an increase or decrease in sales. The system can complete sales forecasts for specific periods of time depending on the strategic structure the organisation requires. The ESS serves to address non routine decisions requiring evaluation, judgement and insight as there is no agreed procedure to find a solution. The system creates a sweeping computing and communications environment rather than supplying any fixed application or specific capabilities. The design is such; that the system incorporates data about external events like new tax laws or competitors, but they also illustrate information from the MIS and DIS. The system filters, compresses and track significant data, highlighting the reduction of time and effort in finding information of value to the executives. Within the Executive Support System there is the most advanced graphics software with the ability to deliver graphs and data from many sources without delay. 5. Integration of Information Systems The Transaction Processing Systems plays a key role in turning raw data into information it also provides data to the other systems. The ESS system relies on data from the lower level systems. Data is exchanged between the different functional areas. To aid the exchange of information many organisations are now building enterprise systems, also known as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. Enterprise software models mechanise many of the business processes, such as filling an order, or planning a shipment, with the objective of integrating information across the organisation and getting rid of complex, highly priced connections between computer systems in various areas of the business. The flawless stream of information which was previously uneven throughout the organisation can now be sent throughout the various departments seamlessly. The system will collect data from a range of sources within the business process and accumulate them in a single comprehensive data repository where it can be retrieved by other departments of the business. For the managers it means that information is attained in a precise and timely manner. Enterprise systems can improve organisational effectiveness and efficiency, help the managers in the decision making process the difficulties are that the system is extremely complex and difficult to construct. Organisations will need to restructure their business practices to improve how information flows throughout the organisation. In reviewing their practices employees need to be trained to use the system and take on new responsibilities. Enterprise systems require intricate pieces of software and large investments of time, money, and expertise. 5.1 Industrial Networks Some companies are extending their enterprise systems beyond their internal enviroment to share information and synchronise their business practices and proccesses with other other businesses withing their industry. Industrial Networks can also be known as Extended Enterprises, connect together the enterprise systems of businesses within an entire industry. â€Å"For instance, Proctor and Gamble (PG), the worlds largest consumer goods company, have been developing and integrated industry -wide system that coordinatesthe grocery store point-of-sale systems with grocery store warehouses, shippers, its own manufacturing facilities, and its suppliers of raw materials. The single industry-spanning system effectively allows PG to moniter the movement of all its products from raw materials to customer purchase† (Laudon Laudon. 2001)[4] 6. Discussion Depending on the type of business the organisation may have several different types of Information Systems. For Example: An Accounts firm whose main activity is the collation of figures, with a large volume of clients would have various different departments working off a mainframe. Each department within the organisation will have various different levels of access to the centralised computer system. The Human Resource department will have access to the files of the employees working for the company but would not have access to the clients business records. The accountants working for the firm have access to the clients files but do not have access to the files of the employees. Because there are different interests in a firm no single system can give all the information an organisation requires. Information Systems can be made to provide different organisational interests. The use of these systems can provide an organisation with a strategic competitive advantage although unless a business can keep up with technological advances competitors may in fact remove the advantage an organisation has worked hard to retain. 7. Conclusion This report is titled â€Å"Information Management Systems that support organisations† But in order to appreciate what an Information system and integration can do for an organisation it was worthwhile to investigate the value of information. The advantages to organisations are clear raw data processed through Transaction Report Systems and reports are generated to the specifications required for managers. Knowledge Work Systems which is specialised system creating new information operated by professional employees. Organisations and information influence each other. Information systems must be aligned to provide information that is important to each department in the organisation. In order for the organisation to work efficiently and effectively it must be open to the influence of the Information Systems. Keeping abreast of new technologies will essential for organisations in order to sustain competitive advantage. Interaction between information technologies is complex and is influenced by interceding issues, including the structure of the organisation, operating procedures, culture, politics, internal and external environment, and managers decision making. Unless it is understood that Information system changes life in the organisation, they are unable to successfully design new systems or understand active systems within the organisation. Within the organisation managers will decide what systems will be built, what they will do, and how the implantation of the systems will occur. However the cost involved in building Information Management Systems has to take into consideration but can any organisation afford to be without one.