American Poetry Essay

The poetry of Modern period poets contains a proliferation of feelings of isolation and alienation. Among such poets as William Carlos Williams, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Amy Lowell, isolation and alienation are experienced as failed love, unrequited love, or love that never surpasses the sexual or imaginative stage. In their work appears the subtle delineation between society’s fascination with community and self following World War I. In short, Modern poetry indicates the decline of the romantics and the advent of unwilling self-involvement, even narcissism.Essentially, Modernism implies the inauguration of failed human relationships. Each poem relates the inability of the individual to achieve connections beyond the physical. In fact, connection are more imaginative than substantive, sought after than accomplished. Edwin Arlington Robinson’s poem â€Å"Eros Turannos† relates a woman’s love for a figment of her imagination. Th e title translates from Greek as â€Å"Love, the Tyrant† and suggests one of two possibilities: either the woman comes to realize she loves a tyrant and that her love is necessarily false, or she realizes that love is a tyrant, drawing her into an unwilling association.Robinson’s diction suggests such ambiguity, describing to readers, a love made purposely blind. The first stanza of â€Å"Eros Turannos† introduces a woman so fearful of dying an old maid that she convinces herself of bing in love: â€Å"She fear him†¦ will always ask/ what fated her to choose him†¦ all reasons to refuse him;/but what she meets and what she fears/ are less than are the downward years†¦ † (Lines 1- 6). In Arlington’s poem, a connection occurs between two people by reason of fear. Fear that the poem’s heroine will never achieve, at least the appearance of a close, personal relationship.And the relationship described in this poem is an illusion. Ar lington describes his heroine’s self denial or â€Å"blurred sagacity†, her determination to keep her lover from being â€Å"the Judas that she found him (Line 12). Perhaps, the poem’s hero becomes a Judas by reason of failing to meet the heroine’s standards – a Judas because he acknowledges his shortcomings, cognizant the heroine has little choice but to accept him. In any event, she makes do as satisfaction wins over fulfillment of a dream, choosing to view an â€Å"engaging mask† as her â€Å"prejudice delays and fades and she secures him.† Arlington signifies an inherent unnaturalness in choosing to love as opposed to falling in love. In keeping with the decline of the Romantic period’s idealistic fancy, Arlington compares the lack of sentiment with a â€Å"falling leaf†, dying nature or a cessation of the nature tendency towards the creation of life. This fall, really a growing cynicism and human weariness of formi ng attachments to others continues in the poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay. Her poem entitled â€Å"The Spring and the Fall† goes further than Robinson’s â€Å"Eros Turannos† to advance the idea of love as natural and life-affirming.Like Robinson, Millay describes the actual formation of love but one-sided as her heroine entertains the notion of love, holds out for it only to find it as elusive. She falls in love during the spring and by the fall of the year knows it will remain unrequited. To love, Millay seem to indicate, comes naturally as the seasons. Her overall message that similar creatures unable to connect exist outside the natural order. The first line of each stanza in â€Å"The Spring and the Fall† have the sound of forced jauntiness, wearing thin by the poem’s conclusion: In the spring of the year, in the spring of the year†¦In the fall of the year, in the fall of the year†¦ Year be springing, or year be falling†¦ Less and less does the poem’s heroine seek to disclose her feelings, as first her lover â€Å"broke [her] a bough of blossoming peach†¦ and [then] broke [her] heart. † It is worth noting that her heart, as symbolized by â€Å"the blossoming peach†¦ was out of the way and hard to reach†¦ † Millay describes a being isolated from its natural instincts: for humans, a need to make oneself available for connection. There is also a sense that the poems events happen in spite of the heroine not to her.For example, the disconnection from her lover occurs gradually and so completely that she states, as though from the periphery, some place of emotional detachment: â€Å"Tis not love’s going hurts my days, /but that it went in little ways. † Surely, a more profound and true love disappears with one cathartic event or not all. Perhaps Millay describes the love found in Amy Lowell’s â€Å"Patterns† where it is shrouded in sexual feelings and imagination. Lowell’s heroine seeks the distinction of becoming Lady to a Lord Hartwell, a colonel killed in battle. The relationship between the two seems insubstantial, based solely on her passion, her perspective.She consistently refers to her suitor in the future tense: â€Å" he would, till he, we would. † In fact, the very nature of their relationship is one of a pattern rather than an actual series of occurrences. And she seems inordinately objective with her statements of â€Å"I should like to; I would be; I would choose; I shall go; I should see; or I shall walk. † Clearly there are few definitives in her connection to the Colonel and even upon his death she remains unable to connect to others, stating, â€Å"And the softness of my body will be guarded from embrace†¦ For the man who shall loose me is dead† (Lines 103-05).Lowell’s description of this ephemeral love is also quite sexual, the heroine seemingly more desirous of rele ase than possession. Sexual imagery pervades the poem. Her reference to herself as a plate proceeds a description of her dress’ train as â€Å"a pink and silver stain on the gravel. † Following the Romantic tradition of comparing a woman’s chastity to porcelain dishes, she exists in a virginal state and a rather uncomfortable one based on the imagery. Lowell’s heroine is also constantly depicted amidst nature but not part of it, admitting. in a telling statement, that there is â€Å"not a softness anywhere about me†¦For my passion/ wars against [my dresses] stiff brocade†¦ † She goes on to state that â€Å"the daffodils and squills/ Flutter in the breeze as they please†¦ † The implication being that she cannot. And unable to connect with nature, with her sexual feelings she projects them upon images surrounding her. Flowers, indicative of female sexuality, fall upon her chest. She sees â€Å"the plashing of waterdrops in the marble fountain†, which symbolizes the female womb, an image she cultivates for the reader as she imagines a â€Å"woman’s softeness† bathed in the fountains marble basin.A mass of contradictions and ambiguity the heroine is clothed in warm, girlish pink and the uninviting, coldness of silver. The brocade texture of her gown invites the touch of an observer but its thickness repels sensation from the wearer. Lowell clearly captures the modern disinclination to rejoice, as did the Romantics, in a desire to love or feel loved. It is a sentiment echoed in the poetry of Lowell’s fellow Modernist, William Carlos Williams. His poem â€Å"Portrait of a Lady† invokes a strong sexual recognition in the reader of love’s physical expression.Paradoxically, the reader sense the narrator of the poem is left untouched by such feelings. How else could the narrator so capably articulate his feeling without a certain detachment from them? As though mocking the Romantic period, Williams deliberately appeals to certain Rococo aesthetics. And in so doing invokes two very popular painters of the French Rococo period: Watteu and Fragonard. Given that the above painters belonged to a period intent upon heralding the joys of simple pleasure, it seems worth noting that Williams somehow manages to complicate love.He state’s his lady’s thighs touch the sky but will only describe it as that one â€Å"where Watteau hung a lady’s slipper†¦ † Such vivid imagery of the sexual act is lost in the author’s hesitant manner, an ambiguity furthered with question marks and dashes which seemingly connect ideas but actually conveys detachment. He cannot decide if his lady’s â€Å"knees are a southern breeze – or a gust of snow. † In essence his disconnection from her leaves him unable to decide her sexual compliance or resistance. It is a confusion that reappears in his poem â€Å"The Rose. † E ver a symbol of the Romantic period, William considers the rose â€Å"obsolete.† Its soft, velvety texture, from Williams’ Modernist perspective, â€Å"renews itself in metal or porcelain. † He compares the effort love requires to doing geometry and finds it more cutting than a broken plate. If â€Å"the rose carried [the] weight of love† Williams postulate, â€Å"[then] love is at an end†¦ † And when he says â€Å"the fragility of the flower, unbruised penetrates space† Williams elevates love to the level of the sublime. Unlike the Romantics, he seems intent upon proving Modern humans incapable of achieving love, connection, or true transcendence from one’s self-containment.Clearly feelings of isolation and alienation pervade modern life. And if art imitates life then William Carlos Williams, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Amy Lowell accurately recreate that feeling of disconnection in their poetry. Their ability to capture Modern individual’s unwilling self-involvement indicates the decline of Romantic ideals. In short, the concern for betterment of others which fueled the Enlightenment, French and American Revolutions gave way to a self-protective form of narcissism. As a result the poetic form, often associated with protestations of love, came to convey disillusionment with the emotion.

Official Document

Corporate clients across The Greater Toronto area are about to earn how to truly, â€Å"Impress with Empress. † The Empress Of Canada is a chartered vessel located in the Toronto Warburton, ideally suited to host up to 489 guests. The boat caters to its clients in hosting a variety of cruises that include: lunch/ dinner cruises, booze cruises, corporate gatherings, weddings, or special event cruises.However, The Empress of Canada has particularly run into difficulties at attracting the corporate clients into their business. Therefore, the current predicament is that The Empress of Canada is inefficiently able to target new and existing corporate clients into their business. Reaching and educating the corporate client on why they should choose The Empress of Canada over its competitors is essential to increasing the overall demand for their lunch/ dinner corporate cruises. Our solution is simple and effective.We will focus on Empress of Canada's bra ending position, in that it offers corporate clients a premium, formal luxury through a superior customer service experience, which serves as a key differentiator from the competing boats in the marketplace. We will then use this positioning to provide Empress with better communication strategies that will focus on boisterousness's selling n The Greater Toronto Area, and ultimately gain the attention Of corporate clients that Empress Was previously unable to capture.The main goal for our campaign is to raise awareness among the target market of the possible uses of The Empress of Canada services, and will be done through three mediums that include: print advertisements in the February and March 2015 issues of The Toronto Life magazine, direct emailing to existing customers using personalized messages to express gratitude and offer them alternative suggestions to meet their business entertaining needs, and lastly, social media improvement, particularly through Faceable, which will reinforce the large number of options corporate clients have when choosing The Empress of Canada.We anticipate that this campaign will yield a considerable expected increase in revenue, seeing upwards of a million dollars in revenue, when executed over a tenement period, given our campaign strategy. The short and longer benefits that The Empress of Canada will ex prince are substantial and will ultimately propel the business into attaining a more desirable corporate client database with significantly increased revenues. PART 1: Situational Analysis PEST Politically The Empress operates on the Toronto harbor therefore they must follow the rules and regulations of the Toronto port authority.Other outside factors that affect The Empress would be fuel costs as this is the result of political actions. These fuel costs affect the price o f operating the Empress and in other provinces the price of fuel has resulted in the hiking of fares to cover fuels costs. (BC Ferries hiking fares, 2014) Environmental Weather affect s the empress because they have seasons where they operate and ones where they have maintenance. The season for which they operate is from April to October, peak times being June to August.They still operate during September but many people don't realize this and miss out on one of the most beautiful times to be on the lake. Coloratura Social factors greatly impact Empress, as it's essentially a banquet hall and seen as a destination for social events, it has to Stay relevant for event seekers and planners. Corporate culture is becoming more important, and employee morale is becoming a significant focus to many industries. Companies are now recognizing â€Å"Departing from the customary routine of meetings and cubicle life can go a long way toward building morale. (ERP, 2014) Companies see value in investing in a company party as it is a chance for them to socialize with their peers and re cognizance personal and company wide achievements. Corporate Cruises provide a clientele with a larger budget, potential repeat customers and possibly a professional referral. They have to communicate that Empress is the destination for corporate events because Of the care and effort they put into their work, and the professional manner in which they will be ha ended. Technological The expanding digital landscape is changing how companies approach their business.More companies are looking to social media and the internet for ways to market their business. â€Å"Whether it is creating a winning online experience or enabling mobile commerce, digital marketing is a hot topic, with most companies either revamping or implementing new strategies. † (Osaka, 2014) Many consumer look to the internet to find out about companies and compare and contrast them, and this technical change should be prioritize in most business today. Competition Direct Competitor 1: Marinara Cruises Marinara has numerous fleets for different occasions and times of year.They run through the winter, m aking it possible to host holiday parties on the boat with heating. Marinara also has different menus for different times of day and events, and is also flexible for food accommodation needs. In addition, Marinara offers demodulating packages and team building picnics excursion outlines with an itinerary; the willingness, customer friendly brochure is available in PDF online. Furthermore, the company is the largest hospitality cruise operation in Canada, and also has received numerous awards and has professional associations (Torn to. Mom, 2014). These factors make Marinara a strong leader of the cruise operation sector in Toronto. However, Marinara's soft spot is its ling point Of catering to various audiences. This could work against attracting corporate customers. In particular, offering children friendly option s such as children's menu and optional goodies, as well as student discounts, may push away some clients who are looking for formal luxury and wish to avoid any risks of being associated with a younger, less mature and sophisticated company.Direct Competitor 2: Yankee Lady Yankee Lady's largest thriving point is being a warm, familiarized local company. Their two yachts are designed and constructed in Toronto by the owners, and the larger one has capacity of 300 people; it s smaller than Marinara or Empress, but large enough for corporate social events. Yankee Lady's website has a very customariness, informative â€Å"Team Building' page, which discusses values about social aspects of workplace and corporate culture. However, there are strong signs that Yankee Lady has branding issues and a lack of effective communication skills.For example, on the official website, Yankee Lady cites positive feedback from past corporate clients: BMW, Mini, Nikkei and Dolce & Cabana. This suggests Yankee dad is seeking to associate itself with premium and luxury brands, as sees website, which stresses luxuriousness of the brand as well. However, this positioning is inconsistent with some aspects of the brand. The name â€Å"Yankee Lady† itself is very casual and fails to make consumers associate the brand with weighed, premium values.Moreover, the first section shown under the â€Å"menu† tab on the website is â€Å"on a budget†, and one of the dishes is named â€Å"cheap and cheerful†; corporate would not want their employees and clients to see that and perceive the company as being cheap for choosing Yankee Lady. Unprofessional is also seen in word choices on their Faceable postings. Secondary & Indirect Competitors The secondary competition consists of other cruises operating businesses in Torso's waterfront.Any competitor in this category either: has distinct branding from Empress of Canada, Yankee Lady and Marinara, operates in a smaller scale than the three companies, or both. In addition, we have identified indirect competitors of the Empress of Canada; this category includes a variety of businesses in Toron to that offer/can be used for corporate social events (please refer to exhibit? ). With increased awareness for the importance and benefits of social aspects at workplace, many local businesses remote the use of their venues for corporate social events.The top three results of Google's search performance with the key. ;odor â€Å"corporate social events in Toronto† are of articles making â€Å"top 10† and â€Å"top 6† recommendations for organizations offering team building activities: 1) 1 0 great ideas for corporate events & afterward socials in Toronto (Ratchets d, 2014) 2) 1 0 Toronto Team Building Activities for corporate Groups (warrior, 201 1) 3) 6 Local & Affordable Team Building Activities in Toronto (Etcetera, 201 3) Recommendations vary in the level of physical activity, luxuriousness and affordability.Empress is not mentioned in either one of the three, while on the other hand, Spin, a pooping social club located in downtown Toronto, is named in each of them. The indirect competition of Empress is as significant as the secondary competition, if not more. This is because corporations' root purpose of holding such events lies within motivating/showing appreciation to their employees or clients; their choice of venue or activity is a medium that helps them achieve it most effectively, and it does not have to be a cruise boat.Comparing Key Findings on Competitors to Empress of Canada In inclusion, no competitor truly offers the bundle of luxury, the edge of the city getaway and the location convenience, tailored specifically to Corporate Canada. Empress of Canada has the strongest brand consistency, representing luxury, class and style, and its premium values are supported by the red carpet service and superior customer service experience they provide. However, Empress of Canada also has significant soft spots in terms of its online presence, which may result in losing customers to competitors.First, it is not featured on the Warbu rton official website, whereas boats of Yankee Lady and Marinara, amongst secondary competitors, are listed with pictures and website links. The Harbor-front project is funded by the municipal government, thus it is a credible information source that consumers can use for research. Secondly, Empress does not show up on the first page, when Google search is performed with the keyword â€Å"Toronto cruises†; the search results are occupied by Marinara and secondary competitors. Last and most importantly, social media activities and customer engagement is inadequate, especially compared to Marinara.Empress needs to seek or more effective communication strategies, in order to defend itself from the competition (please refer to exhibit? ). PART 2: Marketing plan Target Market The Empress of Canada will use a small segment strategy that focuses on boisterousness's selling. The target market will be businesses with over 100 employees located within the Greater Toronto Area. These co mpanies may be looking to run staff parties or staff appreciation events, or use the boat as an opportunity to meet with their clients.The focus will be on older and more refined companies which are looking for quality experiences and are more likely to act as return linens, while likely providing referrals to other organizational departments an d companies. Branding At the core of the Empress of Canada is a focus on quality of service. Both owners play a prominent role on the cruise and make it a priority to always offer superior customer service; from the booking to the boarding the experience at Empress of Canada is always top notch. This quality of experience will be the focus of the companies branding.The customer experience serves to differentiate the Empress of Canada from other competing boat cruises, especially in regards to their positioning towards corporate clients. Businesses shouldn't have to worry about their companies experience when booking with Empress of Canada, t hey need to know that they are in good hands, and that they will get the best possible experience. Our Marketing efforts will aim to position Empress of Canada as a premium, formal luxury through a superior customer service experience.All media and advertising should be focused on this new branding strategy including this new identity in any outgoing promotions. The current tagging of, â€Å"Long Live the Fun† (found via Twitter cover photo) is not reflective of this business and our desired positioning of being â€Å"the loyalty' of the harbor cruises. In order to better meet the brands positioning, while keeping the quality top of mind for prospective and current customers, the tagging that should be implemented is, â€Å"Impress with E empress†.This helps to show what the Empress does for the customer, as corporate clients will want to show off their status and make sure their own clients remain with them, they will want to impress them, standing out from their own competition. Communication Strategy The main goal for this campaign is to raise awareness among the target market about the variety cruise options available when using the Empress Canada services, which will encourage both new clients to take their first cruise as well to retain current clients.The target market for this particular campaign is corporations within the Greater Toronto Area, who will be reached through a variety of communication channels and mediums. This strategy will be supported by the use of print advertisements, direct emails, and a variety of Faceable posts print The first tactic that will be utilized in this campaign is print advertising. The goal of these print advertisements is to gain new customers that ay not have heard of Empress before or have not yet considered it for a corporate gathering.Toronto Life Magazine was chosen as the publication in which to run the advertisements, as it reaches an audience of 795,000 people within the GTAG, with an average ci rculation of 90,563 per issue. Its primary readership average age is between 2554, with an average household income Of over $100,000 (Toronto Life, 2013). The magazine is released monthly, so it has a longer shelf life than weekly magazines or dally newspapers. This is a strong benefit for Empress, as the life of the ad will remain for the duration of at least a month. Toronto Life's purpose as stated on their website is as follows: † Toronto Life and tortellini. Mom are the print and online destinations for people who want to get the most out of Toronto. Our goal is to add to their knowledge of the city, helping them enjoy its pleasures and cope with its complexity. † (Toronto Life, n. D. ). The readers of this magazine look to it as a so urge to find ideas and suggestions for quality dining, entertainment, and events, which are all well in line with the services that Empress can offer. Empress will place its ad in the â€Å"features† section with premium ligamen t in order to better reach corporate groups and to associate with other businesslike offerings.If not directly reaching corporations, the rationale behind this placement is to reach a young professional demographic that may see the ad and then suggest Empress to their manager or boss for a corporate gathering. The cost of running a 1/3 page square print advertisement in Toronto Life magazine is $6,885, with an extra cost of $690 for premium placement (please refer to exhibit 3) (Toronto Life, 2013 The intent with this campaign is to run the advertisement twice: once in February 2015 and once in March 2015.The reasoning behind this timing is because corporations usually have their budgeting for the year finalized in February, so they are then able to start allocating their resources to specific costs, events, etc. February to May is usually the time in which most boat cruises are booked for the summer months, so it is important that Empress can advertise within this time frame to enc ourage more corporations to fill the available cruise time slots. An average advertisement consultation cost is $4000 for the creation of the ad.Included in Appendix is a mockup of a potential advertising concept (Exhibit 4). This mockup was created with the branding and positioning of the campaign in mind; it emits the idea of an upscale, luxurious boat cruise that would appeal to larger corporate audiences interested in a classy and elegant experience. The ad itself includes a description of possible ways in which corporations can use the services that Empress has to offer, including themed events, staff meetings, staff parties, retirement parties, and customer appreciation parties.As stated previously, the main goal of this campaign is to create awareness and inform our target market of differentiate in which report clients can use Empress, which is what this ad is achieving. There are minor potential risks involved with this aspect of the campaign. The first is that the reach of the magazine is far broader than Empress's target market, which means that cost s would be less directly targeted towards actual potential clients. With print advertising, it is also difficult to measure actual return on investment.It is important that the ad catches the eye of the reader and does not get lost in the clutter. Lastly, with a breakable response rate of just 13 bookings, there is a very limited risk of a negative return on marketing investment. Email The second part of our communication strategy is to focus on retaining past clients and encouraging repeat purchases (please refer to exhibit 5). This will be executed through the use of an email platform, with a similar design aesthetic to the print ad campaign. The general purpose is to use a personalized message to ensure all past clients feel valued and appreciated.The email will initially act as a follow to the client's past purchase, thanking them for their business and asking to hear feedback on their experience wi th Empress. The second part of the email will stimulate future sales by suggesting new ways to SE Empress for their business entertainment needs. For example, an email to a client that once used the cruise for a company holiday party may include suggestions to host client parties on board as well. A final element oft he emails will include a link to a brief survey asking the client to provide feedback on their experience with Empress.These survey responses will create an internal data source from which Empress can draw information to better their services in the future. This tactic will use the customer's familiarity and positive association with the brand to grow sales. Rather than blindly emailing thousands of encounters off of an email list, it will prove much more efficient and profitable to focus efforts on happy past consumers. The openhanded rate will be much higher for those familiar with Empress, compared to a unconsumed who would very likely delete an email from an unfamil iar company without reading it.Targeting the email strategy to encounters and resulting in a high malediction rate could tarnish the Empress brand, as the emails could be seen as spam by potential clients. A m ajar advantage to an emailing strategy is that statistics regarding the penetrate of these emails is fully available to Empress. Conveniently displayed will be figures describing exactly how many customer s opened the email, how many deleted it without opening, and how many replied or clicked through to the company website via the email.Furthermore, targeting past clients means that the contact information to send the emails is already available. Empress will not have to purchase a costly database from a third party source. Overall, this strategy is extremely inexpensive as the majority of spending will be going toward designing the email. Furthermore, it is nearly less costly to focus on retaining past customers rather than gain new ones. This tactic is efficient, costiveness , and will have a high return rate. There are minor risks to this strategy.The first is that there is still a possibility of the emails being ignored and deleted, especially if the mail unintentionally ends up in a client's spam inbox. The possibility of this is extremely low as it is expected that all past clients would have Empress in their email address book. If this does happen, it will also be easy to track through the email metrics regarding deletion rate. Secondly, it may be seen as risk to invest in a marketing tactic that is not actually expanding the client base.This is easily justified as targeting past, satisfied clients will likely generate more future sales with lower costs than targeting n ewe customers. Social Media Our final communication strategy focuses on improving The Empress of Canada's social media presence. In this we will be specifically focusing on a Faceable platform, as this is the largest and most important social media platform and will have the largest impact. Growing a large following on such a medium can allow Empress of Canada to circulate managing and promotional material in the longhorn, at virtually no cost.

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Read this research paper - Essay Example PET (Jeong et al 1). Out of the 154 patients, eighty?one patients received de?nitive CRT and 73 received trimodality therapy (Jeong et al 1). I feel that research presented enough data to help me judge for myself how the experiment turned out. Notably, the research presented data, which included criteria for determining which patients should receive de?nitive CRT rather than surgery after preoperative CRT (Jeong et al 1). Moreover, the research ensured that the 72 patients of the 73 patients under trimodality therapy underwent transthoracic esophagectomy and one underwent transhiatal esophagectomy to enhance clarity in analyzing the collected data and the results (Jeong et al 2). Additionally, there was a follow-up, which started from the beginning of the Radiotherapy thus enhancing uniformity and correctness of the research. This would be significant for me in judging how the experiment turned out. Notably, the researchers used the AJCC 6th edition TNM stage classi?cation and the mu ltiple logistic regression analysis to determine the pathologic stage and the PET?CR to estimate the propensity score (Jeong et al 2). These methods present efficient, professional, and reliable data that is enough for me to establish how the experiment turned out. More so, the nonparsimonious model that addressed all the variables in the experiment derived significant data that would facilitate an independent opinion on the direction of the experiment (Jeong et al 2).The research presents data on the characteristics of the 154 patients, treatment response, and survival rates. The presented data is enough for me to make an informed decision on how the experiment turned out (Jeong et al 2). Question 3 The data mentioned by the author had a unique pattern. In fact, the data shows that all the 154 patients had squamous cell carcinoma with the majority of them being men (Jeong et al 2). Another pattern shows that 45 Gy was the mean total radiation dose in the preoperative CRT group whil e the 50 Gy was the mean total radiation dose in the de?nitive CRT group (Jeong et al 2). Furthermore, we can establish a superiority pattern where the rate of pCR was superior in the PET?CR group than in the PET?CR group (Jeong et al 2). More so, there was a treatment failure pattern where most of the 154 patients experienced treatment failure (Jeong et al 3). Another pattern was clear where local failure was the major failure site in the de?nitive CRT group while distant metastasis was the major pattern of failure in the trimodality group (Jeong et al 4). Another common pattern in this research was surgery being a signi?cant prognostic factor for LRFS in the entire patients (Jeong et al 3). Nevertheless, I can establish that the research did not address the problem of age with relation to surgery. Discussion Question 1 An analysis of the data in this research concludes that the addition of surgery showed higher DFS and LRFS rates than those of the PET?CR subgroup of de?nitive CRT patients (Jeong et al 5). More so, it concludes that PET?CR after CRT was a signi?cant prognostic factor for OS, DFS, and LRFS in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Jeong et al 5). Ultimately, the research concludes that despite achieving PET?CR, surgery still seems to improve local tumor control (Jeong et al 5). The

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Writer's choice - Research Paper Example Business opportunities in UAE are not just for people within Middle East, but also to overseas investors. Foreign investors in Middle East nations are encouraged since their foreign business is a great boost to the economy. There are numerous free trade areas, particularly in Dubai, and that is the reason why trade and commerce is at peak in those countries. People come from many countries to shop in UAE because they get cheap and quality goods there. Additionally, introducing a business in the UAE is very straightforward and easy. UAE encourages investors to invest in the oil and gas –rich country. Another reasons why investors are attracted in investing in UAE is because the taxation mostly non-existence or minimal. The Middle East governments have a long- run strategy that concentrate heavily on the growth of upcoming businesses. They have business policies that are truly favorable to all investors. The tax-free atmosphere is encouraging for new and emerging enterprises (Sp raggon, 2014). This paper will discuss a type of small business opportunity that can be capitalized in United Arabs Emirates. Additionally, the paper will discuss the business significance and its benefits to the society. This paper also discusses how the small business can help the economy and business sectors at large. Because of the many large-scale businesses in UAE, there is a huge demand for experts who offer financial services like bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing. Persons with solid backgrounds in any of these financial fields will make a lot of profit by opening a business that will provide financial services to other businesses in UAE. The UAE financing sector is adequately resourced to cope up with domestic and global stress situations and has dealt with the current global financial chaos comparatively well. Looking at future, a report indicated that UAE finance sector would continue to indicate a

Igor Stravinsky Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Igor Stravinsky - Research Paper Example Ironically, Stravinsky’s father wanted him to be a lawyer instead of a musician, but Stravinsky was bored with law study (Venezia 11). Stravinsky was always more interested in music. While at law school, Stravinsky met Vladimir Rimsky-Korsakov whose father was the very famous composer, Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Stravinsky would eventually begin to work with Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov who would eventually teach him about composition. After a vast career in composing different musical scores, Stravinsky died of heart failure in 1971 (Henahan). 2. Biographical Information Stravinsky was born on June 17, 1882. His ancestry was Polish from his father’s side of the family (Oliver 12). Stravinsky had four brothers, and only the youngest brother, Gury was interested in music. Stravinsky was very close to his younger brother because they shared this musical interest, and his brother was a baritone singer. The two boys clung to each other for the affection that they did not receive f rom their parents. Stravinsky would describe his childhood as â€Å"lonely and unhappy† which created challenges for him as a child (Oliver 12). Unfortunately, his brother died of typhus in 1917 (Oliver 14). Needing love and affection, Stravinsky turned to the butler, Simon Ivanovich and his nurse, Bertha, for the affection that he did not receive from his family. For quite some time during his childhood, Stravinsky stayed in his room because his parents thought that his health was too fragile (Oliver 14). As he became older, Bertha and Simon found was to shield him from the cruelty of his father; although Stravinsky as he grew older would not talk about what happened (Oliver 14). At the age of nine, Stravinsky had begun to play piano and he was fascinated by the music. His father did not want him to become a musician because he felt this life was too insecure and it was not a proper career for a young man (Dobrin 14). Instead, Stravinsky’s father forced him into law school because he felt this would be a more lucrative career that would provide him with a more steady income (Dobrin 14). Enrollment into the University of St. Petersburg would be his fate to study law, but he soon found it to be boring. He was more fascinated by music, and although the concept of counterpoint can be considered boring to most musicians, it was of interest to Stravinsky (Dobrin 16). At the university, Stravinsky became friends with Vladimir Rimsky-Korsakov. The two men became fast friends and this lead to Stravinsky working for Vladimir’s father, Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov and eventually he would be able to begin learning composition from him (Dobrin 15). Stravinsky wo uld live his life in Europe and in America. After studying with Rimsky-Korsakov, Stravinsky began to be influenced by composers like Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel (Schwartz). In his various compositions, one can hear the influences if they listen closely. Within the music of â€Å"Fireworks†, â€Å"The Faun and the Shepherdess†, and the â€Å"Firebird† ballet, one can find the influence of Debussy and Ravel (Schwartz). All of Stravinsky’s music became a part of what is called â€Å"the standard repertory† because of his ability to write very good music. Stravinsky often performed his own work. He began by writing, composing, and playing it on piano, but he eventually began to conduct his own work. He is credited with being the â€Å"first contemporary composer†

Audit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Audit - Case Study Example The auditor should consider whether to acknowledge the commitment since inherent risk increases the generally risk of the audit. It is often beneficial to set aside transactions into three types- routine, non-routine, and evaluation when valuing inherent risk.   Little Digger’s auditors may not use the system that gives the precise outcome to them, the result is mainly inherited by the risk factors as this system is applied to just a small section of the population as opposed to the whole population. This is prone to the misstatement that is said to be the inherent risk. The term inherent risk is applied in auditing and accounting, if there is higher likelihood of material misstatement within the  financial statement, the inherent risk is considered high .It is also used for the misstatement of the business that is there in the financial statement. If the auditors will not lookout at these inherent perils, there would be more inaccuracies in the financial statement, which certainly will lead the organization to the incorrect direction, and consequently the financial statement will not be presenting accurate and just outlook. The auditors had to come up with ways of making an error free or inherent risk free financial statement in order to make their company move in the precise direction by formulating correct assessments .As per the auditor’s opinion, inherent risk improves the auditor's peril as the inherent risk is an element of it. It is therefore essential to minimize the inherent risk in order to diminish the auditor’s risk. Because of this, the auditors can make improper decisions because the proof to back such view will be false.   Detection risk Detection risk is essentially the risk that the measures applied by the auditors will fail to identify material misstatements in the financial accounts. Auditors in Little Diggers Ltd have to ensure accuracy and efficiency in the business with regard to the asset management, transactio ns, and their documentation in the monetary accounts. Besides this, the auditors look for various methods that aid them in measuring future risks that may affect their business. Auditors use a variety of methods to measure the risk, mainly the  risk due to material misstatement Detection risk is allied to other relations i.e. the trade risk, material misstatement risk and its two major elements, which are the control risk and the inherent risk in general. If the material misstatement risk rises, it will lower the detection risk hence the auditors risk increases. The material risk increases when its essentials; control risk and inherent risk increase. The correlation of the risks will assist the administration and the auditors to try such diverse useful ways that will help reduce on risk levels. Control risk Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement exists in an allegation since either that misstatement was not barred from entering entity’s economic stateme nts or it was not identified and approved by the internal control system of the unit. It is the duty of the organization and those responsible with authority to execute internal control system and uphold it properly. However if internal control system is discovering and correcting misstatements then inherent harms will creep in

Historicist Analysis of Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd Essay

Historicist Analysis of Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love - Essay Example The poem or the song was written during the time when the art focused on the idea of idyllic country settings, where shepherds were love-sick and obsessed with their lovers. It was also the time when musical composers and artists praised the country settings and consider them their usual subject (â€Å"Christopher Marlowe†). However, although this is the realistic element in the poem, some lines in the poem are obviously a product of the shepherd’s rich and love-filled imagination. For example, in the line where he wants to give his lover â€Å"A gown made of the finest wool† (13) and slippers â€Å"With buckles of the purest gold† (16), the shepherd is obviously only imagining giving these very expensive presents to his lover. Nevertheless, although he cannot possibly afford it, he tells her about it as a proof of the greatness and sincerity of his love for her. Moreover, the phrases â€Å"finest wool† and â€Å"purest gold† may actually rep resent the purity of the shepherd’s intent and love for his lover. It would then be interesting to think that the Elizabethan era during the late 16th century and the early 17th century was actually a time when lovers were sincere about their proposals of love. According to information from the Norton Anthology of Poetry, the life of Christopher Marlowe was actually not the same as the bucolic peacefulness of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.† Despite the tranquil rural setting of the poem, Marlowe was a rather energetic spy and entrepreneur of his time. The modern-day market during the commercial revolution during his time was also far from the ideally simple life of the shepherd in his poem, for Marlowe desired fortune during his time. Moreover, there was also disease, crime and violence during his time in England – which are actually elements that are entirely in contrast with the calmness and tranquility of the mood in the poem. In fact, according to the Norton Anthology of Poetry, Marlowe was involved in a number of controversies and his life was reflective of the urban violence during his time. In 1589 he was involved in a brawl that brought him to hail. In 1591, he was accused of atheism and treason, which were heavy crimes during those times. On Ma 18, 1593, he was arrested for blasphemy although these were merely allegations, for which a trial began on May 20. However, in 1593, on May 30, at the age of 29, he was stabbed with a dagger but the motives were unconfirmed whether this was related to his arrest or if it was the killer’s personal vendetta against Marlowe’s atheism and epicurean lifestyle (â€Å"Biography†). During the time that Marlowe wrote â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,† it was the year 1593, the pastoral genre of poetry gained popularity, although the poem was posthumously published in 1599. The shepherd poet became a regular symbol of romance, pastoral text and erotic love. Particularly, in Marlowe’s poem, there is simplicity of language pertaining particularly to the use of vernacular. It therefore shows charm and wit without pomposity or pretention. It is the reflection of courtly love without the trappings of metaphors as w ell as other elitist and artificial elements (Zlateva 126). In short, the poem shows utmost simplicity. However, such simplicity even reflects in the trip around the countryside of

Tourism and environment in conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism and environment in conflict - Essay Example Thus on one hand where the industry is hailed as a key contributor to the country’s economy and boosting its growth and development, on the other it is blamed by environmentalists and other stakeholders as responsible for single handedly destroying and depleting the natural resources (Huebner, 2010). Both sides of the arguments are valid and hold credibility considering the vast amount of evidence available in the form of research conducted over the years. This indicates a dire conflict between two of the most critical elements of the society. The tourism industry, unlike the other industries relies solely on the use of the natural resources to lure and attract consumers. The natural environment hence, forms a very integral part of the trade which is exposed to the public. The increase in tourism incidentally leads to an increase in common tourist activities such as shopping, dining, which are often created in the midst of nature so as to afford a fine sight-seeing experience for the consumers. Such activities significantly increase the risk of destruction and depletion of natural resources and damage the surrounding environment and bio-diversity (Brebbia and Pineda, 2010; Leigh, Webster, and Ivanov, 2012). The fact that tourism has caused a gradual yet steady deterioration of the environment has been accepted lately due to the increasing evidence asserting the same. Tourism has consistently contributed to the rise in industrial wastes. According to reports tourism generates significant amount of waste due to increased human activities in the surrounding area. It has also caused a radical shift in climate due to increased traffic leading to air pollution. Since the tourism is highly dependent on consumers, increased tourist activities are inevitable. Any effort to reduce or eliminate the production of waste and protect the environment is hence likely to be futile mainly due to the sheer size of the industry (Sharpley, 2009; Scott, Hall, and Gossling, 201 2). The deterioration of the environment due to increase in tourism is a paradox faced by the industry since the availability of clean and orderly environment is one of the key pre-requisites for the tourism industry to thrive. The industry on one hand strives to co-ordinate the two diverse yet inter-related causes – that of promoting tourism and safeguarding the very natural resources it endorses as a bait to attract more consumers. The tourism industry is hence entrusted with the burden of balancing the act of protecting the environment by keeping it clean and retaining its purity, and at the same time use it as its USP (Unique Selling Point) in attracting more consumers. This indicates a conflict of interest between the tourism industry and the environment whereby the wider social cause of environment protection is sacrificed in exchange for capital gains. The conflicting relationship between tourism and natural environment can be rectified to a certain extent by coordinat ing and controlling the impact of tourism activities on the environment. This issue is confronted by two diverse perspectives i.e. ethical and economic whereby the significance and gravity of neither of the two can be denied or ignored. It is highly impossible to ignore the contribution of tourism in ensuring protection of the environment and vice versa. However it is of crucial significance to ensure that the thin line between ethical and commercial objectives of the trade is not overlooked in favor of profits. Incidences such as illegal

James Cook's Voyage to Australia and The Subsequent British Research Paper

James Cook's Voyage to Australia and The Subsequent British Colonization - Research Paper Example James Cook, an inhabitant of England, was born in the year 1728. He was one of the most popular explorers of the 17th century. He also made a mark in the history of the world for his navigation and cartographic skills. Cook was promoted as a captain in the Royal Navy. Cook navigated to different parts of the world and was popular for his three distinct voyages in the Pacific Ocean. He was also the first to observe a European connection with Australia along the eastern coastline. He also gained distinction in becoming the first person to circumnavigate the coast of New Zealand. The legacy of knowledge which James Cook had was very influential among his successors. His role in the political history of the world is also a matter of huge importance as he took a major role in opening up areas along the Pacific which led to the colonization. In the three voyages undertaken by James Cook he travelled thousands of miles and helped in the mapping of various lands starting from New Zealand and continuing till Hawaii. In his expeditions he was reputed for surveying and naming certain features which was not done before. He was instrumental in marking islands in the maps of Europe which was one of his significant contributions. James Cook’s talent in surveying came into the forefront when he successfully mapped the coast of Newfoundland in 1760. He was the one who produced the large scale accurate maps of the island. His success in the very first voyage promoted him to the rank of a commander and was given the charge of identifying Terra Australis which was believed to exist in a place further from Australia. He was persuaded by Alexander Dalrymple who was a dignitary person belonging to the Royal society. During his second voyage he navigated along very high latitudes in the southern part and became the first person to cross the Antarctic Circle. In his expedition he took the possession over South Georgia and also surveyed and mapped the area. In his second voyage, Cook was also successful in the employment of the chronometer which helped him to study the accurate longitudinal positions. The chart of the Southern Pacific Ocean was made by the help of the chronometer and it gained so much accuracy level that those charts are still being used in the 21st century. He returned from the second voyage as a captain of the Royal Navy and he was felicitated with many awards and recognition programs. He was also declared to be the first navigator belonging from Europe in the House of Lords. Captain James Cook volunteered the third voyage in finding out the Northwest Passage. He set on for the voyage in the year 1776. During his last voyage James Cook became the first among the Europeans to visit the Hawaiian Islands. He also explored the western coast of the Northern part of America and he covered the Strait

Tang Song Dynasty Essay Example for Free

Tang Song Dynasty Essay After the fall of the Han Dynasty, China saw much chaos similar to what happened in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. Unlike Europe though, China was eventually reunited. The Tang Dynasty was the next Chinese Dynasty to unite China for an extended amount of time. Tang Culture The Tang dynasty is known as the golden age of Chinese culture. The capital of the Tang Dynasty, Chang-an, became incredibly wealthy and supported the flowering of Chinese culture. Due to the popularity of the Silk Road trade routes, Chang-an became a meeting place of many different cultures and religions: Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Islam all influenced Tang culture. Syrians, Jews, Arabs, Persians, Koreans, Tibetans, and Japanese all lived side by side with the Chinese of Chang-an. In 636, Christians from Syria were allowed to build a church and hold Christian services barely six hundred years after the founding of Christianity and less than three hundred years after Christianity had become the state religion of Rome. The foreigners not only brought in new religions, but new clothes, cuisine, literature, and music as well. The imperial court itself had several performing troupes of actors and musicians gathered from surrounding nations permanently performing at the court. Among their cultural achievements, the Tang craftsmen excelled in making porcelain and jade pottery, utensils and sculptures. Tang weavers advanced their silk-weaving, making clothes much softer and more extravagant than what Europeans were wearing in their scratchy wool. Porcelain and silk were in high demand, furthering increasing the trade between the world and China. Poetry became a popular subject for all these new readers. The poet Li Po  (701-762) became quite popular. His poetry focused on simple language that allowed the reader to immediately understand his emotions. He loved to celebrate the beauty of life and nature and wanted to share that love. Questions: Tang Dynasty 1. Describe how foreign cultures were viewed in China during this time? 2. During the Tang Dynasty, what goods were in high demand on the Silk Road? AFTER YOU READ BOTH ARTICLES!!!!! (ONE ON THE BACK) RANK THE TOP FIVE IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS FROM THE TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES IN ORDER AND EXPLAIN WHY!!!!!!!!! The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 AD Eventually, the Tang Dynasty fell under pressure from outside invasions and domestic rebellions. The Song Dynasty soon took control over China after the fall of the Tang. The Song Economy Under the Song Dynasty, China experienced an agricultural and commercial revolution. Chinese farmers saw their production and wealth increase  dramatically. For hundreds of years Chinese dynasties had required peasants to do free manual labor for the government each year. This was how China built the Great Wall and roads. All the time they spent working for the government, was less time they worked on their fields. The Song Dynasty eliminated forced labor. Secondly, farmers were allowed to buy and sell land for the first time. You see, some people are just better at jobs than other people. By letting farmers buy and sell land, good farmers could buy land from bad farmers and produce more crops on that land. These two factors resulted in a phenomenal increase in agricultural production, and the wealth of the government and individual farmer increased significantly (though most farmers never became â€Å"wealthy.†) The most important economic innovation of the Song was the widespread use of money. China was the first country to use both paper and coin money. This helped China in 2 ways. First off, peasants used to have to pay their taxes in grain. The Song Dynasty now allowed farmers to pay their taxes in money. Since they no longer needed to grow grain, this freed up weak farmers to sell their farms and go get jobs they’d be better at in cities. Anytime you give people more freedom to choose their jobs, the economy will improve as they get jobs they’re better at. Secondly, before the widespread use of money, trade had to be done as bartering – people exchanged goods for other goods. If a farmer wanted to buy a goat, then he and the goat’s owner would have to come up with some sort of trade. â€Å"I’ll give you half a cow!† Obviously, that’s an awkward way to do things. So the use of money made trade MUCH easier, and the economy increased due to this! The booming economy led to the growth of cities. The city of Kaifeng eventually had a population of 250,000 households. The city of Hangchow had a population of 391,000 households. Compare that to Europe during the same period: Rome had an average population of about 35,000 households and London had a population of about 20,000 households. No civilization on earth was comparable to China during the Song Dynasty. Song Technology These Chinese cities were bursting at the seams with merchants and trade.  What were some of the goods and inventions that other cultures wanted? Merchants along the Silk Road obviously made most of their money off the trade in porcelain and silks. During this time period, China also invented a process to make steel and began producing gunpowder weapons. The demand for goods and services was so great that China began an unprecedented acceleration of foreign trade. Chinese goods were traded as far away as Africa and the Middle East. China also created junks – the largest ocean-going vessels in the world at the time that carried Chinese goods over the Indian Ocean all the way to Africa. China also built numerous canals. Canals are man-made rivers that allowed shipping and transportation to new areas. The largest canal, the Grand Canal, was built to link the Yellow and Yangtze rivers and make it easier to ship rice from the north to the south, helping to prevent starvation and improving the economy. Even though they were prosperous, the Song Dynasty also fell like every other Chinese dynasty before it. This time, they were overrun by a dangerous people to their north: the Mongols. The Song Dynasty also saw the invention of the movable-type printing press. Originally, if someone wanted to make a copy of a book, they would have to write it all out by hand, which took a long time. Using movable-type however, craftsmen created blocks of letters like the type your future children will play with. When they wanted to make a book, they would arrange the letters into a copy of a page. While this took a long time, the printer could then roll ink over the blocks and then use the blocks to make hundreds and hundreds of copies. This allowed a VAST amount of books to be printed much more cheaply, causing literacy to be more widespread. Questions: Song Dynasty 1. Explain the TWO reforms made during the Song Dynasty that improved agricultural production from farmers. 2. Explain how the use of paper and coin money gave peasants more freedom. 3. Explain how the use of paper and coin money increased trade. 4. What were two technological inventions made in China during this time? 5. What function did â€Å"junks† have? 6. What was the purpose of the Grand Canal? 7. Why was the invention of movable type so important in Song china?

What Is The Right Thing To Do?

What Is The Right Thing To Do? If someone, in an attempt to exercise his right of self defense coerces anyone else into defending him then that would mean that the defender himself is a criminal invader of the rights of someone else. So, if X is aggressing against Y, Y may not use force to compel Z to join in defending him, for then, Y would be just as much a criminal aggressor against Z. This immediately rules out conscription for defense, for conscription enslaves a man and forces him to fight on someone elses behalf. Is it always wrong to lie? Consider the case whereby A sets out to murder B and although C knows where B is but C lies to A in order to save Bs life. Under such circumstances would we still render the act of lying wrong or would it be justified to lie in such a case? What do you think is the Right thing to do? Are moral values absolute or are they subjective? Are they universal or are they social conventions instead? Do natural laws exist or do they evolve with time? Who decides between Right and Wrong? Without speck of a doubt, the ability to evaluate reasons for belief is one of the most fundamental critical thinking skills. It is the ability to reason indeed that differentiates human beings form other living organisms. However, one of the biggest dilemmas of moral reasoning remains to be its contradictory nature. We have the mental capacities to reason our belief in something; however, we are just as capable of analyzing it critically at the same time. Question of what is right and what is wrong are not always black and white. At times it seems like the societies are governed by natural laws and social conventions whereby there is a distinct categorization of right and wrong. On the contrary, however, it occurs to us on a great many reflections that problems of morality are relative, and subjective. To re strengthen our belief that reasoning about morality and the problems of morality are themselves contradictory in nature, we are going to cover a few case studies and then see if we reach any conclusion. A many in history nevertheless have made attempts at defining moral ethics and an effort to address to its problems too has been made. According to Protagoras, a Sophist, Man is a measure of all things. The implication is that right and wrong or good and bad, according to Protagoras, must always be considered in relation to a persons needs. Sophists had travelled around the globe splendidly. It couldnt have been anyone better but them to have realized that laws governing the city states and also the norms of a society could vary massively across boundaries. Hence their observation led them to raise questions based on morality and ethics that had to do with conception of what was natural and what was socially induced. Moreover, Sophists believed that there were no absolute norms for what was right and wrong. For instance the idea of natural modesty, to a Sophist who had travelled the world, was a matter of social convention. Had it been natural, it would have been something innate, something humans are born with. Since its seen to be taken differently across different places, not everyone everywhere is afraid or reluctant to show themselves off nakedly, that is not the case. Morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits.  [1]   However, other philosophers such as the legendary Socrates were of the view that some such norms were in fact absolute and universally valid. According to Socrates, He who knows what good is will do good.Hereby he meant to imply that a right insight will lead to right action and that the virtuous is one who does right. Therefore Socrates proposed that peoples reason and not the society, differentiates between right and wrong. Aristotle had a slightly different take on the issue. He propounded the Golden Mean whereby he emphasized the need to keep a balance. Only by maintaining balance and temperance, so the Aristotelian school of thought goes, does one achieve a happy or harmonious life. As seen hitherto answers to the problems of ethics and morality are not black and white in nature. There cannot be one absolute definition of Morals and Ethics and hence moral reasoning too cannot be chalked out in one specific manner. Moral Reasoning: We are discussing no small matter but how we ought to live.  [2]   One way of explaining Moral Reasoning is by categorizing it into two broad categories: i) Consequentialist Moral Reasoning ii) Categorical Moral Reasoning. Consequentialist Moral Reasoning locates morality in the consequences of an act. Example of Consequentialist Moral Reasoning would be Utilitarianism according to which the right act is that which maximizes utility. Categorical Moral Reasoning on the other hand locates morality in certain duties and rights that have to do with the intrinsic quality of the act itself. Therefore, according to Categorical Moral Reasoning, Murder is a Murder and the act of murdering is wrong irrespective of the circumstances of the act. Utilitarianism: This theory was proposed by David Hume (1711-1776) and defined further by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Utilitarianism stands by the slogan, the greatest good for the greatest number.According to Bentham the ultimate Moral Principle, namely the Principle of Utility, requires us to choose whatever action would have the best consequences. According to the utilitarian philosophy, we act in a way that maximized the overall level of happiness and pleasure over suffering and pain. In a nutshell, the right thing to do is to maximize utility. However utilitarianism is not as perfect a philosophical concept as it sounds. Some of the objections raised against utilitarianism are that it fails to respect certain individual rights and fails to acknowledge the rights of the minority (lesser number of people).Hence it is argued that certain individual rights of the minority cannot be traded off for the sake of utility. Secondly, it is not possible to aggregate all values. For instance, how would you assign monetary terms to values such as the value of life, respect, etc? Even if we could measure such values then how possibly could we have captured them according to a single uniform measure of value? Let us look at some of the cases concerned with morality in the light of Utilitarian approach and see for ourselves whether utilitarianism befits it: Case1: Euthanasia Mathew Donnelly, a physicist, had contracted cancer perhaps due to an over exposure of X-Rays. It cost him his jaw, upper lip, his nose, left hand, and two fingers from right hand. As if this wasnt enough, he was also left blind. Donnellys physician told him that he had just about a years time left to live. Donnelly, however, was in excruciating pain already, and he thought against better judgment that he would rather die than continue life in such a state. In an urge to free himself of misery and pain, he asked his three brothers to kill him. Two of his brothers refused to do so while the youngest one, 36-year-old Harold Donnelly, shot Mathew to death with a 3.0-caliber pistol. The question in point is whether Harold did wrong. According to social conventions and moral traditions which essentially dictate that the intentional killing of innocent people is always wrong. Hence according to moral traditions, Harold was wrong. However, Harold is assumed to have shot his brother for a no ble cause; he loved his brother and wanted to end his misery. Moreover, Mathew had himself asked to die. Therefore, in consideration of the consent (of Mathew), and noble motives (Harolds love for his brother and wanting to alleviate him of the pain), the point in case asks for a lenient judgment. Utilitarianism would have gone by whichever of the choices available to Harold at that point of time, had the best overall consequences. Utilitarianism would support that action which maximizes happiness for all concerned. Killing Mathew, a utilitarian would think, would free Mathew of misery and pain hence in this case a utilitarian would conclude that the greatest balance of happiness will be achieved for everyone concerned here, by euthanasia. Hereby euthanasia is morally right and justified. Amongst the western States, Euthanasia is legal only in The Netherlands, Belgium, and Colombia. United States renders Euthanasia illegal and terms it as an act of murder hence Haorld Donelly was arrested and charged. A question then arises whether Euthanasia be made legal provided its taken to be morally right by a utilitarian at least. On that point, John Stuart Mill says; The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their member, is self-protection. The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.  [3]   Thus utilitarian believes that laws prohibiting euthanasia contradict general welfare of the society, and restrict peoples right to control their own lives the way they wish to. When Harold killed his brother Mathew, he did so in order to end Mathews miserable life in a manner that Mathew had himself chosen. Since the consequences didnt harm anyone, it shouldnt be a problem for anyone either. Things are now changing, in 2005, 58% of Americans were of the view that doctors should be allowed to help patients die who are suffering from painful incurable disease. Case 2 : Case of Queens Vs. Dudley and Stevens: Queens Vs. Dudley is a 19th Century famous British Law Case. The case put a huge question on the validity of utilitarian doctrine. It involves the shipwreck crew of four. After being lost at sea for 19 whole days, Dudley, the Caption decided to kill the weakest among them, the young cabin boy Parker in order that rest of the crew members survive feeding on his blood and body. On the 29th of September 1884, 1300 miles away from Cape, Mignonette was found. Richard Parker, 17-year-old cabin boy was the youngest of all crew members on Mignonette. He was an orphan and had no family. It was Parkers first voyage to sea and had gone against the advice of his friends. A wave hit the shaft, and Mignonette went down. The only food that the crew members had on them was two cans of preserved turnips. What was worse was that the crew members did not have any fresh drinkable water either. For the first three days, the crew members did not eat. On the fourth day, however, they opened one of the cans of Turnips and ate it. The next day, they cut a turtle and together with the second can of turnips, the turtle enabled them to survive for the next few days. For eight days, then, they remained of food and water again. The cabin boy Parker had by now gotten ill as he had drunk sea water. His condition was such that he appeared to be dying. On the 19th day, the captain Dudley proposed an idea that they should all draw a lottery to see who would die to save the rest. Brooks refused to do so and hence lotts werent drawn. Next day, there still wasnt a sign of a life boat , and it was in the midst of harsh conditions that Captain motioned Stevens that boy Parker better be killed. Dudley told the boy his time had come and killed him with a pen knife, stabbing him in his jugular vein. For four days, the three of the crewmembers fed on the blood and body of Parker. At last, on the twenty fourth day of the shipwreck, they were rescued by a German ship which took them back to England where t hey were arrested and tried. Dudley and Stevens went on trial while Brooks turned States witness. It turned out that the captain and his companion werent guilty much, they claimed to have acted out of necessity. They defended their stance by saying that under dire circumstances better that one should die so that three could survive. The prosecutor wasnt influenced; he said a murder is a murder hence the case went on trial. This leaves us with following questions rather objections to the doctrine Utilitarianism: Do we have certain fundamental Rights? If yes, then individual rights shouldnt be traded off and need to be valued. Does a fair procedure justify any result? What is the moral work of consent? Would an active consent at either the time of drawing lottery or at the point of death make so much of a moral difference that an act that is considered morally wrong, taking away someone life for example, would turn morally permissible after the consent? Shall the rights of a weaker being or a minority (in terms of count or numbers) be traded off for the sake of general welfare? Case 3: Baby Theresa: Publically known as Baby Theresa, Theresa Ann Campo was an anencephalic child, born in Florida in 1992.Anencephalic children are sometimes termed as babies without brains as important parts of their brain including the cerebrum and cerebellum are missing and so is the top of their skull. There is however a brain stem, present in such infants, that allows for their autonomic functions such as breathing and heart beat. Even on accounts of survival (from stillbirth), such infants do not live long and for whatever time period they live, they would still never be conscious due to malfunctioning of brain components. Thus Baby Theresas parents volunteered her organs for transplant thinking other needy children could perhaps benefit from the eyes, kidneys, liver, heart, and lungs of Baby Theresa after the transplant. Physicians too thought that it was a good suggestion forwarded by the babys parents that her organs be volunteered so that other children who are in need may benefit. A huge num ber of children need transplants each year but there are never enough organs available. Since Florida law does not permit organ removal until the donor is dead, Baby Theresas organs werent taken. Nine days later, Baby Theresa expired and it was too late by then to use her organs for other children as her organs had been damaged. The newspaper stories of the time opened up a heated debate whether it would have been right to remove the babys organs in order to help other children. If we probe arguments for and against the case, we would come to realize that the problem of removing Theresas organs in order to help other children is not as simple as it sounds. The debate was boiled down to three main line of arguments namely; The Benefits Argument, The Argument that we should not use people as Means, and the third line of Argument from the Wrongness of Killing. The Benefits Argument: Knowing that baby Therese is an anencephalic infant who is incapable of being conscious and is going to die anyway, her parents proposed the idea that Theresas organs be used for transplant in order that other children be helped. Apparently, they reasoned as follows: If we can benefit someone, without harming anyone else, we ought to do so. Transplanting the organs would benefit the other children without harming Baby Theresa. Therefore, we ought to transplant the organs.  [4]   It is interesting to note how this very line of thinking has a division of opinions. On one hand, the contention that Therese wouldnt be harmed is a mere assumption hence the act of removing her organs, based on a mere assumption that she wouldnt be harmed, while she is still alive would be unjustified. On the contrary, however, under such circumstances her parents were right thinking that mere physical existence wouldnt benefit Theresa much provided that she would miss out on thoughts, feelings, connections with people and other normal human activities. Being an anencephalic infant, they must have thought, she is only virtually alive, and that being alive for a few days would not do her any good than ending a miserable life to save the lives of other children. Whereas those children who are in dire need of organ transplants would benefit greatly. Therefore, The Benefits Argument supports the proposition that Theresas organs be used for transplant to help other children. We should not use people as Means: This line of argument opposes the stance that Theresas organs be removed to help other children. It stands by the principle that people should not be used as means to benefit others. Using people is usually used in the context of violating peoples autonomy. Either through manipulation and deceit or by forcing people to do something against their wish, using others only to get our own personal benefits is wrong as it thwarts others autonomy. In Baby Theresas case we wouldnt be deceiving or manipulating anyone by removing her organs for transplant but we would indeed be using her organs to benefit others. In case you are thinking, that happens every time transplants are carried out, you are wrong. Transplants are carried out with the consent of people, and certainly not against their permission. Baby Theresa, however, is incapable of voicing her opinions or expressing her wish by any means hence the complexity of the case remains. Moreover, it can be argued that Baby Theresa does not have wishes in the first place and she is incapable of making any decision for herself therefore she is not really an autonomous being. Thus her parents decision on her part wouldnt really be a violation of anyones autonomy. This leaves us with two ways of thinking about the problem. One, by questioning what would possibly be in the best interest of Baby Theresa, and secondly, if she could have told us what she wanted what would she have said ? Unfortunately, Theresa does not have any preferences, and her interests, even if there were any, wouldnt be affected much since she would die soon after birth no matter what. It all boils down to only one option then which is to do whatever we think is best. Wrongness of Killing: According to most Western traditions, killing someone is absolutely wrong. Since most western states are dominated by the religion of Christianity whereby intentional killing of an innocent being is out rightly wrong and punishable, ethicists who believe in traditional morality would disapprove and condemn an act of killing. To them, killing is always wrong. Nowadays, however, consequence of the act and the circumstances under which the act was committed too is taken very much into consideration. So, according to this way of perceiving things, killing might not always be wrong such as in the case of Baby Theresa. Another approach to the problem would be to think of Baby Theresa as already dead. This might not be as awkward as it sounds after all Brain Death is now accepted at large as a criterion to pronounce someone legally dead. Eventually, Brain Death came to be accepted as real death because such people couldnt live conscious life due to malfunctioning of their brain cells. If brain death is redefined, to include anencephalic since they too lack any hope of conscious life as they do not have any cerebrum or cerebellum, then we would in effect regard anencephalic infants as born dead. Then removing their organs would not be regarded as killing them and hence the argument for wrongness of killing then stands void. Conclusion: In the light of the cases mentioned above, we may conclude that solutions to the problems of ethics and morality are not black and white. As we proposed and opposed line of arguments for the cases under consideration we noticed how reasoning about such matters is often contradictory in nature. Moral Reasoning seems to fluctuate between being definite to vague. One of the biggest dilemmas of human ability to reason is that much as it helps them reach a decision, it engrosses them too at times with contradictions and recessions thus rendering the decision-making process all the more difficult.

Multi-Disciplinary Working Essay -- Management Work

This essay will aim to relate to an observation of professional social work practice in a Crisis Centre, for people with mental health issues who require support, and short-term accommodation, with the goal of returning home or to a new environment. This essay will focus upon the role of multi disciplinary collaboration regarding the Crisis Centre staff, and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team (CRHTT), and to discuss why collaboration appears to play an important and fundamental role within social work practice. The essay will also aim to demonstrate good practice and possible strengths and weaknesses of multidisciplinary working. Within the field of social work practice it does seem evident that ‘multidisciplinary working is work undertaken jointly by workers and professionals from different disciplines or occupations’ (Pearson & Thomas, 2010:342) and has evolved at varying speeds over the past 30 years, in response to imperatives of central government. Evidence suggests that the area mental health was among the first professions to adopt teams of workers from different professions, and the Community Mental Health Team is widely regarded as the model for multidisciplinary working (Community Care, 2010). It seems that , in relation to social work, the distinctive quality that has to be demonstrated is anti discriminatory practice and a holistic approach, by working with a range of situations and people having an attribute for developing multidisciplinary and partnerships (Higham,2006:). The Crisis Centre that has been observed is run by a Local Council, and is a National Health Service Trust based in a local community. The centre also corresponds with the 1975 White Paper entitled ‘Better Services for Mentally Ill’... ...mparison to the Ward: A Service Evaluation of Amethyst House and Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Team: Liverpool City Council and Mersey Care NHS Trust: Liverpool. Thompson, N. (2005) Understanding Social Work, 2nd Ed. Hampshire: Palgrave. Thompson, N. & Thompson, S. (2008) The Social Work Companion. Hampshire: Palgrave. Thompson, N. (2009) Practicing Social Work. Hampshire: Palgrave. SCIE Guide 23: The learning, teaching and assessment of partnership work in social work education www.scie.org.uk/ [accessed 6th November 2010]. Wilson, K. Ruch, G. Lymbery, M. & Cooper, A (2008) Social Work an Introduction to Contemporary Practice; Essex: Pearson. Whittington, C. (2003) ‘Collaboration and Partnership in Context’. In Weinstein, J., Whittington, C. and Leiba, T. (eds.) Collaboration in Social Work Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Ch.1.

The Atkins Diet: Low-Carb Mania :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

The Atkins Diet: Low-Carb Mania   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Robert Atkins ignited the dieting world when he introduced the word â€Å"low carb mania,† which is now known as the Atkins diet. The diet claims that you can lose weight on a high fat, high protein diet. The program works on four main principles which are to limit the amount of consumption of simple carbohydrates, increase the intake of protein, to exercise on a daily basis, and to maintain proper food consumption. The new diet revolution has stirred up a controversial debate on whether the higher fat, lower carb diet is healthy in the long run for diet consumers. Some people say that it is not a healthy diet and that it includes too much fat, while others say it is the only weight loss diet that has finally helped them to take off a significant amount of weight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The diet became an instant craze since it has been proven that many Americans eat excessive amounts of simple carbohydrates such as rice, alcohol, sugar, white flour, and sugar. As a result of the surge in obesity and high calorie intakes, the Atkins diet aims to eliminate the simple carbohydrate consumption by replacing it with high fat, high animal protein foods such as bacon, sausage, butter, steak, eggs, and brie. These rich foods are allowed as part of the diet since it claims that you will lose weight fast while just following the routine. Although the diet may cause one to lose weight, critics have found the diet to have considerable drawbacks. The Atkins diet restriction on carbohydrates is not very healthy since complex carbohydrates such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are found to contain essential nutrients and rich in fiber. Fiber is known to slow the absorption of food, which prevents blood glucose to rise and reduce insulin surges, therefore decreasing desire to eat. Critics have found that simple carbohydrates should be substituted for complex carbohydrates instead of eliminating carbohydrates from the diet completely. Complex carbohydrates and whole foods are rich in photochemical, bioflavonoid, carotenoids, and other substances that may reduce the risk of many chronic diseases.

A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay -- Women Roles, Children, Analysis

Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a 19th century realist play that was the first of its kind to analyze women’s roles in the typical household in such a stressed manner. Ibsen created this play for his audiences to become observers to observe his characters interact. As the play progresses, it is apparent that the characters mingle with one another in a very childish manner. Ibsen uses this childlike action in A Dolls House in order to convey the image that he sees to the observers. Ibsen uses childishness in the characters of A Dolls House to compare gender roles in 19th century Europe and ridicule the common household marriage of his day. A Doll’s House is based around the relationship of Torvald Helmer, the chief of a local bank, and his wife, Nora. The foolishness in the relationship between the two is evident early on. â€Å"Is that my little lark twittering out there† (Ibsen 1), said Torvald to Nora. By the use of the pet name â€Å"little lark†, it is clear that Torvald does not have an incredible amount of respect for his wife, and her response â€Å"Yes, it is!† (Ibid) shows that Nora has little respect for herself as well. The quotes show the insincere passion the two characters have for each other. Torvald uses other pet names for Nora throughout the play like â€Å"little squirrel,† (Ibsen 2), â€Å"featherhead,† (Ibid), â€Å"Miss Sweet Tooth,† (Ibsen 4), â€Å"spendthrift,† (Ibid) and â€Å"little person† (Ibid). Torvald’s use of pet names and insincere compliments show an inequality between the spouses. Each of these names show Torv ald’s incredible lack of respect for Nora and creates a sense that Nora is less of a wife and more of pet, toy, or doll to Torvald. On page 2, Torvald takes Nora â€Å"playfully by the ear,† again demonstrating the relation... ...ss. She does what she deems best and leaves her husband and kids. In A Doll’s House, the characters are simplified into childish representations that are motivated only by self-interest; George Orwell would be proud. The metaphor of a doll house is effective in Ibsen’s satire of the typical European marriage of the 19th century. Ibsen’s parallels between the Helmer household and an actual dolls house gives the play more depth, and the thought of women being treated like pets was effectively ridiculed. The characters’ immaturity is a subtle twist to this play that enables it to get Ibsen’s point across in a unique way; through his characters’ childishness, Ibsen gets the point across that the average housewife did not deserve to be treated like property with no respect. Works Cited Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll's House. Mineola, N.Y.|: Dover Publications,, 1992. Print.

Macroeconomics and Government Essay

How are presidential election outcomes related to the performance of the economy? 2. (7 points) Discuss the difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. 3. (10 points) Use the concepts of gross and net investment to distinguish between an economy that has a rising stock of capital and one that has a falling stock of capital. â€Å"In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This means that in that particular year the economy produced no capital goods at all. † Do you agree? Why or why not? Explain: â€Å"Though net investment can be positive, negative, or zero, it is quite impossible for gross investment to be less than zero. † 4. (7 points) What are the major factors that have affected U. S. household consumption since the recession in 2001? 5. (7 points) Briefly explain how the following would shift the IS function to the right. a. A change to lump-sum taxation (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right. ) b. A change to government spending (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right. ) 6. (7 points) Explain briefly how a change to the following MS, MD, or P (ceteris paribus) would shift the LM function to the right. Include in your discussion whether the variable would have to increase or decrease to cause the rightward LM shift. Discuss which of these the FED exercises control over. a. MS. b. MD (money demand). c. P (price index). 7. (7 points) By how much will GDP change if firms increase their investment by $8 billion and the MPC is . 80? If the MPC is . 67? 8. (10 points) Suppose that private sector spending is highly sensitive to a change in interest rate. Compare the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy in terms of rising and lowering real GDP 9. (10 points) Assume that a hypothetical economy with an MPC of . 8 is experiencing severe recession. By how much would government spending have to increase to shift the aggregate demand curve rightward by $25 billion? How large a tax cut would be needed to achieve this same increase in aggregate demand? Why the difference? Determine one possible combination of government spending increases and tax decreases that would accomplish this same goal. 10. (7 points) What are government’s fiscal policy options for ending severe demand-pull inflation? Use the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model to show the impact of these policies on the price level. Which of these fiscal policy options do you think might be favored by a person who wants to preserve the size of government? A person who thinks the public sector is too large? 11. (10 points) Explain why relatively flat as opposite relatively steep labor demand curves are more consistent with the empirical observation that there are relatively minor changes in the real wage rate over the course of the business cycle. 12. (7 points) Is sustainable long-run equilibrium always reached when the AD and SAS curves intersect? Why or why not? 13. (7 points) If the equilibrium real wage remains constant, what happens to the nominal wage when the actual inflation rate exceeds the expected inflation rate? 14. (7 points) â€Å"In the steady state, the government benefits from inflation. † Explain. Answers Question 1. Studies have proven that presidential election outcomes are definitely related to the performance of the economy. The winning presidential party retains the office of presidency while personal income grows at a faster, higher rate than the long-term rate. The incumbent presidential party will be voted out of office when income grows at a rate lower than the long term rate. Question 2. Microeconomics meaning small, is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms by making decisions on the allocation of limited resources. Normally, it applies to markets where goods or services are bought and sold. Macroeconomics meaning large, is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy in a whole, rather than individual markets like in Microeconomics. This includes national, regional, and global economies. Question 3. Depreciation + Net Investment = Gross Investment if I rearrange it, it will say; Depreciation – Gross Investment = Net Investment Since capital stock of an economy only rises when net investment is positive, that is when gross investment exceeds depreciation. So naturally the capital stock falls when net investment is negative, that is when gross investment is less than depreciation. In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This does NOT mean the country produced no capital goods: what it means is that the production of capital goods was less than what was lost due to wear and tear, thus the net impact was an overall loss in capital stock. Gross private investment in most cases cannot be negative, since you can decide not to invest in new factories, but how do you decide to make a negative investment on an economy wide scale. Question 4. Household consumption has been diminishing or is flat to be honest. Income and employment rates have slowly been declining or stays in one particular place. Energy producers have increased the percentage of household budgets for fuel and electricity. According to economics, it shows minimal growth since 2001. Question 5. The IS function is the investment-saving function. A shift to the right implies that for any given level of output the interest rate has gone up, and vice versa. Now for the examples: (a) A change in lump-sum taxation: A lump-sum reduction in the tax rate has the same effect as increased government deficit with people and firms increasing their spending, pushing out the IS curve. (b) A change in government spending: Increased government spending will have the same impact as lower savings, and will push the IS curve to the right Question 6. The LM function is liquidity preference minus the money supply. It tells that real money balances are a primary function of the interest rate and real income. This is usually represented as M/P = L(r, Y), which states real money balance M/P, where M is nominal money balance and P is price level, depends on the real interest rate r and real output Y. An increase in money supply will cause the LM curve to shift to the right, thus lowering the equilibrium interest rate and increasing the equilibrium output. An increase in the demand for money should have the same impact: shift the LM curve to the right. If the price level falls the LM curve will shift to the right since real money balances will increase in such a case. The Fed has control over the nominal money supply but not on money demand and price level. Money demand depends on the transaction demand of money and the Fed cannot influence the prices (they are determined by the market and customers) so as powerful as the Fed is they cannot influence demand for money. Question 7. If MPC = 0. 67, multiplier = 1/1-0. 67 = 1/0. 33=3. Income should increase to 3Ãâ€"8 so it would end up at $24 billion. If Mp = 0. 8, Multiplier = 1/1-0. 8=1/0. 2=5, income should increase to 5Ãâ€"8 so it would end up at $40 billion. Question 8. Ok, if the private sector spending is highly sensitive to changes in interest rates then the monetary policy will be more effective in determining the movement of real output. This is due to the fact that a small rise in interest rates then a small reduction in money supply will quell any demand-pull inflation and therefor bringing the economy back to the long-run equilibrium. While a small reduction in interest rates should push up the aggregate demand in similar measures. Government policy has a bigger impact on the autonomous part of aggregate expenditure and hence will have a lower impact in such a scenario. Question 9. MPC = 0. 8, we can say that the multiplier, which is defined to be Multiplier = 1/MPS = 1/(1-MPC) then is equal to 5. So, we increase AD by $25 billion the government has to increase spending by $5 billion. A larger tax cut would be needed to achieve the same goal since people do not want to or wish to spend everything they get. Given that people are spending 80% of each additional dollar if the government provides a tax cut of $5 billion I would say people would only spend $4 out of that. Thus the final impact will be 4Ãâ€"5 = $20 billion. To get people to spend $5 billion, the government has to lower taxes by $6. 25 billion (6. 25Ãâ€"0. 8 = 5 if the formula I used). Any combination that hopes to achieve the $25 billion raise in AD will have to increase initial spending by at least $5 billion. Suppose the government increase spending by G and provides a tax cut T, then any combination that satisfies: G + 0. 8T = 5 will serve the purpose. Question 10. The government has two options when it wants to influence the macroeconomic: A. it can change taxes or B. It can change its spending patterns. If economics is facing a demand-pull inflation it means AD is rising quicker than expected. The four components of AD are; 1. household consumption (C), 2. gross private investment (I), 3. government expenditure (G), 4. Net exports (NX). Normally we would take I, G and X to be exogenous variables. Soto curtail a demand-pull inflation the government has to work on somehow curtailing consumption (C) and imports (M), or we can also cut down its own personal spending. The two options with the government in such a case then would be: (a) Cut down government spending: a reduction in G will then also make a reduce in AD. (b) Increase taxes: This would bring down the disposable income and will then also bring down both C and M. For a person who wants to preserve the size of the government the second option I think would be a better choice, since the government is retaining its size and is still able to bring the requisite change in AD. A person who thinks public sector is too large will opt for the first move, reducing G, since that will immediately mean the government has become smaller. Which I personally would vote for, out government could use a little trimming. Question 11. The simplest way for me to look at it is like this; If the demand curve is flat, then a reduction or an increment in labor demand does not alter the price at all. But on the other hand, if the demand curve is, then an equivalent change in demand has much bigger change in the wage rates. Empirical results suggest that wages are sticky, and the steep labor demand curve cannot explain this observation. Question 12. When the AD and SAS intersect it is called a â€Å"short-run macroeconomic equilibrium. † This is NOT sustainable unless it the intersection point falls on the LAS curve. The reason is any such intersection to the left of the LAS curve will not be using any resources, and companies will have an incentive to increase production without putting too much pressure on the costs, while an intersection to the right will put too much inflationary pressure therefor making it unsustainable. Question 13. Inflation- Nominal Wage Rate = Real Wage Rate So therefor, Expected inflation- Expected Nominal Wage Rate = Expected Real Wage Rate. It can also be written as; Expected Real Wage Rate + Expected inflation = Expected Nominal Wage Rate. If the equilibrium real wage rate remains constant, meanwhile inflation exceeds expected inflation then the nominal wage rate has to rise, there is no other choice. Question 14. In the steady state, the government benefits from inflation. I assume that the steady state here means the long-run macroeconomic equilibrium. The economy would like some small inflation at some point since with a small inflation the real costs for companies always fall and they have to have an incentive in order to increase production. To see why consider the contracts that companies set up, They are all based on nominal variables. A small inflation will reduce the real value of these contracts, and keeping with the domino affect the firms have an incentive to increase real output at lower real costs. Total output will rise in this particular case, pushing out the LAS curve. The government would also benefit with higher tax earnings.